Anatomy and Cell Biology Quiz

Introduction to Anatomy of the Human Body

• Anatomy is the study of the form and structure of internal and external human body parts
• Structure determines function

Branches of Anatomy

• Microscopic Anatomy (fine anatomy) - study of structures that require magnification (cytology and histology)
• Gross Anatomy (macroscopic anatomy) - study of structures visible without magnification
  • Surface anatomy - study of surface markings on the body
  • Regional anatomy - study of all structures in a single body region (superficial or deep)
  • Systemic anatomy - study of organs with similar functions
• Developmental anatomy - study of structural changes from conception to maturity (embryology)
• Comparative anatomy - study of anatomy of different animal types
• Pathological anatomy - study of structural changes in cells, tissues, and organs caused by disease
• Radiographic anatomy - study of internal structures using noninvasive imaging techniques, such as X-rays, CT scans, and ultrasounds
• Surgical anatomy - study of anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedures

Structural Organization of the Human Body

• Chemical level - atoms combine to form molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids)
• Cellular level - molecules form cells, the smallest living units in the body
• Tissue level - similar cells work together to form tissues
• Organ level - multiple tissue types, often all four, working together form organs
• Organ system level - multiple organs work together to accomplish a common task
• Human organism - all organ systems functioning together to sustain life

Human Body's 11 Organ Systems

• Integumentary system - outer covering; protection, thermoregulation, sensory reception
• Skeletal system - framework; support and protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation
• Muscular system - movement, posture, heat production
• Nervous system - control center, directs immediate responses to stimuli
• Endocrine system - produces hormones regulating bodily processes
• Cardiovascular system - blood transport of materials
• Lymphoid (lymphatic and immune) system - returns leaked fluid to blood, provides defense against disease
• Respiratory system - maintains the blood's oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
• Digestive system - processes food and absorbs nutrients
• Urinary system - eliminates wastes, regulates water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance
• Reproductive system - produces sex cells and hormones for the purpose of reproduction

Anatomical Position

• Standing upright, arms at sides, palms facing forward, feet flat on the floor, face forward
• Axial region - head, neck, torso
• Appendicular region - upper and lower limbs

Directional Terms

• Superior (cranial/cephalic) – above
• Inferior (caudal) – below
• Anterior (ventral) – front
• Posterior (dorsal) – back
• Medial – midline
• Lateral – away from midline
• Proximal – closer to the origin or attachment
• Distal – farther from the origin or attachment
• Superficial - closer to the surface
• Deep – farther from the surface
• Ipsilateral - same side
• Contralateral - opposite sides

Body Planes

• Frontal (coronal) plane - divides body into anterior and posterior portions
• Transverse (horizontal) plane - divides body into superior and inferior portions
• Sagittal plane - divides body into right and left portions
  • Mid-sagittal (median) plane - divides the body into equal right and left halves -Para-sagittal plane- divides the body into unequal right and left parts

Body Cavities

• Dorsal body cavity - houses the brain and spinal cord
  • Cranial cavity - contains the brain
  • Vertebral cavity - contains the spinal cord
• Ventral body cavity - divided into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
  • Thoracic cavity - contains the heart and lungs and surrounded by the ribs and the muscles of the chest wall
    • Pericardial cavity - contains the heart
    • Pleural cavities - contain the lungs
  • Abdominopelvic cavity - contains abdominal organs (most of the digestive tract) and pelvic organs (parts of the reproductive system and the urinary system)

Cell Theory

• Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of life
• Cells are formed from pre-existing cells
• Cells perform all vital functions

Cell Composition

• Cytosol - intracellular fluid (water, proteins, electrolytes etc.)
• Cellular organelles - specialized subunits with specific functions (nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum etc)
• Inclusions- chemical substances in the cytoplasm that may or may not be present in a cell depending on the cell type

Cell Membrane

• Fluid mosaic model
• Lipid bilayer with diverse protein structures
• Selective permeability
• Functions include protection, structural support, sensitivity, and regulation of exchange with the environment

Types of Transport

• Osmosis - transport of water across a semipermeable membrane
• Facilitated diffusion - transport aided by protein carriers
• Active transport - requires energy and works against concentration gradient

Endocytosis

• Phagocytosis – cell eating
• Receptor-mediated endocytosis – uptake of specific molecules
• Pinocytosis – cell drinking

Membranous Organelles

• Nucleus - Control center of the cell that contains the DNA and nucleolus
• Mitochondria - Powerhouses of the cell, producing ATP
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - Rough ER for protein synthesis and Smooth ER for lipid metabolism, calcium storage, and detoxification
• Golgi apparatus - Packages and modifies materials for secretion
• Lysosomes - Contain digestive enzymes
• Peroxisomes - Contain enzymes for detoxifying harmful substances

Nonmembranous Organelles

• Ribosomes - Sites of protein synthesis
• Cytoskeleton - Provides structural support and facilitates movement
• Microfilaments
• Intermediate filaments
• Microtubules • Centrioles - involved in cell division • Cilia - move fluids or secretions across cell surface • Flagella - movement of cells
• Inclusions

Cell Life Cycle

• Interphase (G1, S, G2)
• Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
• Cytokinesis

Tissues

• Groups of closely associated specialized cells that perform related functions

Four Primary Tissue Types

• Epithelial tissue - covers body surfaces
• Connective tissue - supports and binds other tissues
• Muscle tissue - responsible for movement
• Nervous tissue - responsible for communication and control

Epithelial Tissue

• Cellularity
• Specialized contacts
• Polarity
• Support by connective tissues
• Avascular but innervated
• Regeneration
• Apical and basal surfaces
• Stratified vs Simple epithelia
• Classification based on cell shape: Squamous, Cuboidal and Columnar
• Types of surface features: Microvilli and Cilia

Connective Tissue

• Four classes:
• Connective tissue proper
• Cartilage
• Osseous tissue (bone)
• Blood

Bone

• Compact bone
• Spongy bone (Cancellous bone)
• Long bone structure (diaphysis, epiphysis)
• Periosteum

Types of Fractures

• Complete or Incomplete
• Open or Closed

Test your knowledge on key concepts of anatomy and cell biology with this quiz. Explore topics such as cell membrane components, microscopy techniques, and the various branches of anatomy. Perfect for students in advanced biology courses.