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Cell Structure and Histology
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Cell Structure and Histology

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of cilia in the respiratory tract?

  • To synthesize proteins
  • To move a thin film of mucous away from the surface of the cells
  • To move a thin film of mucous on the surface of the cells (correct)
  • To provide structural support to the cell
  • What is the composition of a microtubule in the shaft of a cilium?

  • 9 peripheral quadruplets and 2 central singlets
  • 9 peripheral doublets and 2 central singlets (correct)
  • 9 peripheral triplets and 2 central doublets
  • 9 peripheral singlets and 2 central doublets
  • What is the function of basal bodies in cilia?

  • To move the cilium
  • To anchor the cilium to the surrounding cytoplasm (correct)
  • To synthesize proteins
  • To provide structural support to the cilium
  • What is the function of glycogen granules in cell inclusions?

    <p>To store food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

    <p>To control cellular metabolic activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the nucleus in H&E stained sections?

    <p>It appears basophilic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the nuclear membrane?

    <p>2 thin membranes separated by a perinuclear space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for cells that contain more than 2 nuclei?

    <p>Multinucleated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of rootlets in cilia?

    <p>To anchor the basal body to the surrounding cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for pigments that originate from outside the cell?

    <p>Exogenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Objectives

    • Define the cell and its main components
    • Identify the histological structure of different components of the cell
    • Recognize the correlation between the structure of different cell components and their functional significance

    The Cell

    • The cell is the structural and functional unit in the body
    • Size and shape: variable in different tissues
    • Components:
      • Cell membrane
      • Cytoplasm
      • Nucleus

    The Cell Membrane

    • Definition: regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its environment
    • Thickness: 9-10 nm, appears as three layers (trilamellar) under electron microscope
    • Chemical structure: formed of lipid, protein, and carbohydrates arranged in a specific manner

    Cytoplasm

    • Components:
      • Cell organelles
      • Cell inclusions
      • Cell matrix
    • Cell organelles:
      • Membranous organelles (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes)
      • Non-membranous organelles (cytoplasmic filaments, microtubules, centrioles, cilia, flagella)
    • Cell inclusions:
      • Non-living materials in the cytoplasm
      • Types: carbohydrates (glycogen granules), lipids (lipid droplets or globules), pigments (exogenous and endogenous)

    Mitochondria

    • Definition: the power house of the cell, provides ATP
    • Number: varies in different cells according to energy requirement
    • Structure:
      • Double membranous vesicles
      • Outer membrane: smooth
      • Inner membrane: reveals a number of folds (cristae) which usually project like shelves in the matrix
      • Matrix: contains enzymes of Kreb's cycle, mitochondrial DNA and RNA

    Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

    • Definition: membranous cell organelle formed of a reticulum of anastomosing and inter-communicating narrow tubules and vesicles
    • Types:
      • Smooth ER (sER): outer surface smooth, functions in lipid synthesis and muscle contraction
      • Rough ER (rER): outer surface rough, functions in segregation of proteins inside the lumen, initial glycosylation of proteins

    Golgi Apparatus

    • Definition: membranous cell organelle which plays an important role in the secretory functions of the cell
    • Structure:
      • Golgi saccules: 4-10 flattened membranous interconnected saccules piled one above the other forming a stack
      • Micro-vesicles (transfer vesicles): tiny vesicles present at the immature face originating by budding from the rER
      • Macro-vesicles (secretory vesicles): large vesicles present at the mature face containing modified protein which can be excreted as secretory product or remain in the cell as lysosomes

    Cytoskeleton

    • Definition: network of microfilaments and microtubules that bind together by proteins to maintain the shape of cells and support them
    • Types:
      • Microfilaments
      • Microtubules
      • Intermediate filaments

    Cytoplasmic Filaments

    • Definition: non-membranous organelles, thread-like structures
    • Types:
      • Thin filaments: contractile, found in muscle, microvilli, and cleavage furrow
      • Intermediate filaments: non-contractile, found in muscle, nerves, and epithelial cells
      • Thick filaments: contractile, found in muscles, forming myofibrils with actin filaments

    Microtubules

    • Definition: pipe-like hollow structure of uniform diameter, but of variable length
    • Function:
      • Cytoskeleton
      • Guiding tracks for transporting material and organelles
      • Main structural component of centriole, cilia, and flagella

    Centrioles

    • Definition: non-membranous organelles important for cell division and act as basal bodies of cilia
    • Structure:
      • 2 short cylinders lying at right angle with each other, composed of 27 microtubules arranged in 9 bundles by T.S.
      • Each bundle consists of three micro-tubules (triplets)

    Cilia

    • Definition: hair-like striations seen on the surface of the cell facing the lumen or cavity
    • Structure:
      • Shaft: contains 9 peripheral doublets of microtubules and 2 central singlets microtubules by T.S.
      • Basal body: identical appearance to a centriole
      • Rootlets: striated fibers, anchoring the basal body to the surrounding cytoplasm

    The Nucleus

    • Definition: cell control center for all cellular metabolic activities and plays an important role in cell division and heredity
    • Site: present in all cells except mature RBCs
    • Number: mononucleated, binucleated, or multinucleated
    • Structure:
      • Nuclear membrane (2 thin membranes separated by a perinuclear space)
      • Chromatin (DNA conjugated with histone protein)

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    Description

    Explore the components of a cell, their histological structure, and functional significance. Learn about the tools used to study cells, including light and electron microscopes.

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