Anatomical Terminology Quiz

Anatomical Position

• The reference position is upright with feet, hands, and head turned forward, hands by the side.

Anatomical Planes

• Sagittal plane divides the body into left and right halves.
• Frontal plane divides the body into front and back halves.
• Horizontal plane divides the body into upper and lower halves.

Anatomical Axes

• Vertical axis runs from head to feet, and is perpendicular to horizontal plane.
• Sagittal axis runs from front to back, and is perpendicular to frontal plane.
• Frontal axis runs from side to side, and is perpendicular to sagittal plane.

Terms of Relationship

• Anterior - front
• Posterior - back
• Superior - cranial, cephalic - head end, up
• Inferior - caudal - down
• Medianus - middle
• Medialis - towards midline
• Lateralis - to side

Terms of Comparison

• Proximalis - towards the trunk
• Distalis - away from the trunk
• Palmaris - palm of the hand
• Plantaris - sole of the foot
• Superficialis - towards the surface
• Profundus - towards center

Terms of Movement

• Flexio - decreases angle at joint
• Extensio - increases angle of joint
• Abductio - away from midline
• Adductio - towards midline
• Pronatio - palm posterior or down
• Supinatio - palm anterior or up
• Rotatio externa - anterior surface turns laterally
• Rotatio interna - anterior surface turns medially
• Circumductio - distal end moves in a circle; describes a cone

Terms of Attachment

• Origin - fixed
• Insertion - movable

Skeletal System

• Skeleton axiale (Axial Skeleton)
  • Cranium
  • Columna vertebralis (Vertebral Column, Spine)
  • Skeleton thoracis (Thoracic Cage)
• Skeleton appendiculare (Appendicular Skeleton)
  • Ossa membri superioris (Bones of the upper limb)
  • Ossa membri inferioris (Bones of the lower limb)

Trunk (Trunk Bones)

• Columna vertebralis (Vertebral Column, Spine)
  • Pars cervicalis (Cervical part of the spine)
    • Contains 7 vertebrae cervicales (Cervical vertebrae)
  • Pars thoracica (Thoracic part of the spine)
    • Contains 12 vertebrae thoracicae (Thoracic vertebrae)
  • Pars lumbalis (Lumbar part of the spine)
    • Contains 5 vertebrae lumbales (Lumbar vertebrae)
  • Pars sacralis (os sacrum) (Sacral part of the spine)
    • Contains 5 vertebrae sacrales (Sacral vertebrae)
  • Pars coccygea (os coccygis) (Coccygeal part of the spine)
    • Contains 3-4 vertebrae coccygeae (Coccygeal vertebrae)

Vertebra

• Corpus vertebrae (Vertebral Body)
• Arcus vertebrae (Vertebral Arch)
• Foramen vertebrale (Vertebral Foramen, Opening)
• Canalis vertebralis (Vertebral Canal)
• Incisura vertebralis superior (Superior Vertebral Notch)
• Incisura vertebralis inferior (Inferior Vertebral Notch)
• Foramen intervertebrale (Intervertebral Foramen)
• Processus articularis superior s.zygapophysis superior (2) (Superior Articular Process, Zygapophysis Superior)
  • Facies articularis superior (Superior Articular Surface)
• Processus articularis inferior s.zygapophysis inferior (2) (Inferior Articular Process, Zygapophysis Inferior)
  • Facies articularis inferior (Inferior Articular Surface)
• Processus transversus (2) (Transverse Process)
• Processus spinosus (Spinous Process)

Cervical Vertebrae (7)

• Typical cervical vertebrae are vertebrae 3-5
  • Foramen transversarium (Transverse Foramen)
• Atypical cervical vertebrae are vertebrae 1, 2, 6, 7
  • Atlas (1st cervical vertebra, atlas)
    • Arcus anterior (Anterior Arch)
      • Fovea dentis (Facet for the dens)
    • Arcus posterior (Posterior Arch)
      • Sulcus arteriae vertebralis (Groove of the vertebral artery)
    • Massa lateralis (Lateral Mass)
      • Facies articularis superior (Superior Articular Facet)
      • Facies articularis inferior (Inferior Articular Surface)
  • Axis (2nd cervical vertebra)
    • Dens (Tooth-like process)
      • Facies articularis anterior (Anterior Articular Surface)
      • Facies articularis posterior (Posterior Articular Surface)
    • Facies articularis superior (Superior Articular Surface)
    • Processus transversus (Transverse Process)
      • Foramen transversarium (Transverse Foramen)
  • Vertebra cervicalis VI (6th cervical vertebra)
    • Processus transversus (Transverse Process)
      • Tuberculum anterius (Anterior Tubercle)
      • Tuberculum posterius (Posterior Tubercle)
  • Vertebra cervicalis VII (7th cervical vertebra)
    • Processus spinosus (Spinous Process)
      • Processus spinosus longus (Long Spinous Process)
      • Tuberculum posterius (Posterior Tubercle)
  • Vertebra prominens (Prominent Vertebra)
    • Processus spinosus (Spinous Process)

Test your knowledge on the fundamental anatomical concepts such as anatomical position, planes, axes, and terms of relationship and comparison. This quiz covers key definitions and distinctions that are essential in the study of human anatomy.