Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the anatomical position?
What is the anatomical position?
Upright with feet, hands, and head turned forward, hands by side.
Which of the following is an anatomical plane?
Which of the following is an anatomical plane?
What does 'anterior' mean?
What does 'anterior' mean?
Front
The term for 'down' is ______.
The term for 'down' is ______.
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The term 'proximalis' means 'away from the trunk'.
The term 'proximalis' means 'away from the trunk'.
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What is the function of the vertebral foramen?
What is the function of the vertebral foramen?
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How many cervical vertebrae are there?
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
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The 1st cervical vertebra is known as the ______.
The 1st cervical vertebra is known as the ______.
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The axis is the 1st cervical vertebra.
The axis is the 1st cervical vertebra.
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Which part of the spine contains 12 vertebrae?
Which part of the spine contains 12 vertebrae?
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Study Notes
Anatomical Position
- The reference position is upright with feet, hands, and head turned forward, hands by the side.
Anatomical Planes
- Sagittal plane divides the body into left and right halves.
- Frontal plane divides the body into front and back halves.
- Horizontal plane divides the body into upper and lower halves.
Anatomical Axes
- Vertical axis runs from head to feet, and is perpendicular to horizontal plane.
- Sagittal axis runs from front to back, and is perpendicular to frontal plane.
- Frontal axis runs from side to side, and is perpendicular to sagittal plane.
Terms of Relationship
- Anterior - front
- Posterior - back
- Superior - cranial, cephalic - head end, up
- Inferior - caudal - down
- Medianus - middle
- Medialis - towards midline
- Lateralis - to side
Terms of Comparison
- Proximalis - towards the trunk
- Distalis - away from the trunk
- Palmaris - palm of the hand
- Plantaris - sole of the foot
- Superficialis - towards the surface
- Profundus - towards center
Terms of Movement
- Flexio - decreases angle at joint
- Extensio - increases angle of joint
- Abductio - away from midline
- Adductio - towards midline
- Pronatio - palm posterior or down
- Supinatio - palm anterior or up
- Rotatio externa - anterior surface turns laterally
- Rotatio interna - anterior surface turns medially
- Circumductio - distal end moves in a circle; describes a cone
Terms of Attachment
- Origin - fixed
- Insertion - movable
Skeletal System
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Skeleton axiale (Axial Skeleton)
- Cranium
- Columna vertebralis (Vertebral Column, Spine)
- Skeleton thoracis (Thoracic Cage)
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Skeleton appendiculare (Appendicular Skeleton)
- Ossa membri superioris (Bones of the upper limb)
- Ossa membri inferioris (Bones of the lower limb)
Trunk (Trunk Bones)
-
Columna vertebralis (Vertebral Column, Spine)
-
Pars cervicalis (Cervical part of the spine)
- Contains 7 vertebrae cervicales (Cervical vertebrae)
-
Pars thoracica (Thoracic part of the spine)
- Contains 12 vertebrae thoracicae (Thoracic vertebrae)
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Pars lumbalis (Lumbar part of the spine)
- Contains 5 vertebrae lumbales (Lumbar vertebrae)
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Pars sacralis (os sacrum) (Sacral part of the spine)
- Contains 5 vertebrae sacrales (Sacral vertebrae)
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Pars coccygea (os coccygis) (Coccygeal part of the spine)
- Contains 3-4 vertebrae coccygeae (Coccygeal vertebrae)
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Pars cervicalis (Cervical part of the spine)
Vertebra
- Corpus vertebrae (Vertebral Body)
- Arcus vertebrae (Vertebral Arch)
- Foramen vertebrale (Vertebral Foramen, Opening)
- Canalis vertebralis (Vertebral Canal)
- Incisura vertebralis superior (Superior Vertebral Notch)
- Incisura vertebralis inferior (Inferior Vertebral Notch)
- Foramen intervertebrale (Intervertebral Foramen)
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Processus articularis superior s.zygapophysis superior (2) (Superior Articular Process, Zygapophysis Superior)
- Facies articularis superior (Superior Articular Surface)
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Processus articularis inferior s.zygapophysis inferior (2) (Inferior Articular Process, Zygapophysis Inferior)
- Facies articularis inferior (Inferior Articular Surface)
- Processus transversus (2) (Transverse Process)
- Processus spinosus (Spinous Process)
Cervical Vertebrae (7)
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Typical cervical vertebrae are vertebrae 3-5
- Foramen transversarium (Transverse Foramen)
-
Atypical cervical vertebrae are vertebrae 1, 2, 6, 7
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Atlas (1st cervical vertebra, atlas)
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Arcus anterior (Anterior Arch)
- Fovea dentis (Facet for the dens)
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Arcus posterior (Posterior Arch)
- Sulcus arteriae vertebralis (Groove of the vertebral artery)
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Massa lateralis (Lateral Mass)
- Facies articularis superior (Superior Articular Facet)
- Facies articularis inferior (Inferior Articular Surface)
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Arcus anterior (Anterior Arch)
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Axis (2nd cervical vertebra)
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Dens (Tooth-like process)
- Facies articularis anterior (Anterior Articular Surface)
- Facies articularis posterior (Posterior Articular Surface)
- Facies articularis superior (Superior Articular Surface)
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Processus transversus (Transverse Process)
- Foramen transversarium (Transverse Foramen)
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Dens (Tooth-like process)
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Vertebra cervicalis VI (6th cervical vertebra)
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Processus transversus (Transverse Process)
- Tuberculum anterius (Anterior Tubercle)
- Tuberculum posterius (Posterior Tubercle)
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Processus transversus (Transverse Process)
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Vertebra cervicalis VII (7th cervical vertebra)
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Processus spinosus (Spinous Process)
- Processus spinosus longus (Long Spinous Process)
- Tuberculum posterius (Posterior Tubercle)
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Processus spinosus (Spinous Process)
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Vertebra prominens (Prominent Vertebra)
- Processus spinosus (Spinous Process)
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Atlas (1st cervical vertebra, atlas)
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental anatomical concepts such as anatomical position, planes, axes, and terms of relationship and comparison. This quiz covers key definitions and distinctions that are essential in the study of human anatomy.
