Skeletal System PDF 2024

RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system 1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY Anatomical position Reference position, upright with feet, hands and head turned forward, hands by side...

RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system 1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY Anatomical position Reference position, upright with feet, hands and head turned forward, hands by side Anatomical planes Planum sagittale – sagittal plane Planum frontale – frontal plane Planum horizontale – horizontal plane Anatomical axes Vertical axis Sagittal axis Frontal axis Terms of relationship Anterior – front Posterior – back Superior – cranial, cephalic – head end, up Inferior – caudal – down Medianus – middle Medialis – to midline Lateralis – to side Terms of comparison Proximalis – toward trunk Distalis – away from trunk Palmaris – palm of hand Plantaris – sole of foot Superficialis – toward the surface Profundus – toward center Terms of movement Flexio – decreases angle at joint Extensio – increases angle of joint Abductio – away from midline Adductio – toward midline Pronatio – palm posterior or down Supinatio – palm anterior or up Rotatio externa – anterior surface turns laterally Rotatio interna – anterior surface turns medially Circumductio – distal end moves in a circle; describes a cone Terms of attachment Origin – fixed Insertion – movable 2 RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system SYSTEMA SKELETALE – skeletal system Skeleton axiale – axial skeleton cranium columna vertebralis skeleton thoracis Skeleton appendiculare – appendicular skeleton ossa membri superioris ossa membri inferioris TRUNCUS, OSSA TRUNCI – trunk, bones of the trunk Columna vertebralis – vertebral column, spine Pars cervicalis – cervical part of the spine (7 vertebrae cervicales – cervical vertebrae) Pars thoracica – thoracic part of the spine (12 vertebrae thoracicae – thoracic vertebrae) Pars lumbalis – lumbar part of the spine (5 vertebrae lumbales – lumbal vertebrae) Pars sacralis (os sacrum) – sacral part of the spine (5 vertebrae sacrales – sacral vertebrae) Pars coccygea (os coccygis) – coccygeal part of the spine (3 – 4 vertebrae coccygeae – coccygeal vertebrae) VERTEBRA corpus vertebrae – vertebral body arcus vertebrae – vertebral arch foramen vertebrale – vertebral foramen (opening) canalis vertebralis – vertebral canal incisura vertebralis superior – superior vertebral notch incisura vertebralis inferior – inferior vertebral notch foramen intervertebrale – intervertebral foramen processus articularis superior s. zygapophysis superior (2) – superior articular process facies articularis superior – superior articular surface processus articularis inferior s. zygapophysis inferior (2) – inferior articular process facies articularis inferior – inferior articular surface processus transversus (2) – transverss process processus spinosus – spinous process VERTEBRAE CERVICALES (7) – cervical vertebrae Typical cervical vertebrae are 3. – 5. foramen transversarium – transverse foramen Atypical cervical vertebrae are 1., 2., 6., 7. Atlas – 1st cervical vertebra, atlas arcus anterior – anterior arch fovea dentis – facet for the dens arcus posterior – posterior arch sulcus arteriae vertebralis – groove of the vertebral artery massa lateralis – lateral mass facies articularis superior – superior articular facet facies articularis inferior – inferior articular surface  RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system 3 Axis – 2nd cervical vertebra dens – tooth – like process facies articularis anterior – anterior articular surface facies articularis posterior – posterior articular surface apex dentis – top of the dens 6th cervical vertebra tuberculum caroticum – carotid tubercle Vertebra prominens – 7th cervical vertebra VERTEBRAE THORACICAE (12) – thoracic vertebrae Typical thoracic vertebrae are 2nd – 9th fovea costalis superior (2) – superior costal facet fovea costalis inferior (2) – inferior costal facet fovea costalis processus transversi (2) – transverse costal facet Atypical thoracic vertebrae are 1st, 10th, 11th, 12th 1st thoracic vertebra, 10th thoracic vertebra, 11th thoracic vertebra, 12th thoracic vertebra VERTEBRAE LUMBALES (5) – lumbar vertebrae processus costalis s. processus costiformis – costal process OS SACRUM (5 vertebrae sacrales) – sacral vertebrae basis ossis sacri – base of the sacrum promontorium – promontory processus articularis superior (2) – superior articular process apex ossis sacri – apex of the sacrum facies pelvica – pelvic surface lineae transversae (4) – transverse lines foramina sacralia anteriora (4 pairs) – pelvic sacral foramen facies dorsalis – dorsal surface crista sacralis mediana – median sacral crest foramina sacralia posteriora (4 pairs) – dorsal sacral foramen canalis sacralis – sacral canal hiatus sacralis – sacral hiatus cornu sacrale (2) – sacral horn pars lateralis (2) – lateral part facies auricularis – auricular surface tuberositas ossis sacri – sacral tuberosity OS COCCYGIS (3 – 4 vertebrae coccygeae) – coccyx vertebrae coccygeae – coccygeal vertebra cornu coccygeum (2) – coccygeal horn 4 RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system COSTAE – ribs (12) Costa – rib Costae verae – are ribs 1st – 7th Costae spuriae – are ribs 8th – 12th Costae fluctuantes – are ribs 11th, 12th. costal bone cartilago costalis – costal cartilage Typical ribs are 2nd – 10th caput costae – head of the rib facies articularis capitis costae – articular facet of the rib’s head crista capitis costae – crest of the rib’s head collum costae – neck of the rib tuberculum costae – costal tubercle facies articularis tuberculi costae – articular facet of the costal tubercle corpus costae – body of the rib superior margin, inferior margin, external surface, internal surface sulcus costae – costal groove angulus costae – angle of the rib Atypical ribs are 1st, 11th, 12th Costa prima – 1st rib superior surface, lower surface tuberculum m. scaleni anterioris – tubercle for the anterior scaleni muscle sulcus venae subclaviae – groove of the subclavian vein sulcus arteriae subclaviae – groove of the subclavian artery external margin, inner margin 11th rib, 12th rib STERNUM – sternum (breastbone) manubrium sterni – manubrium sterni incisura jugularis (1) – jugular notch incisura clavicularis (2) – clavicular notch incisura costalis (2) – costal notch corpus sterni – body of the sternum incisurae costales (6) – costal notchs angulus sterni – sternal angle processus xiphoideus – xiphoid process JOINTS OF THE BONES Synarthrosis Junctura fibrosa Syndesmosis Membrana interossea Suturae (plana, squamosa, serrata) Gomphosis Junctura cartilaginea Synchondrosis Symphysis  RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system 5 Junctura ossea s. synostosis Diarthrosis s. junctura synovialis facies articularis capsula articularis membrana fibrosa s. stratum fibrosum membrana synovialis s. stratum synoviale cavitas articularis synovia ligamenta membranae bursae synoviales plicae synoviales villi synoviales discus articularis meniscus articularis labrum articulare ossa sesamoidea Classification of synovial joints Simple joint Compound joint Complex joint Classification of synovial joints according to the shape of articular surfaces Multiaxial (3) joints: art. plana, amphiarthrosis art. spheroidea art. cotylica Biaxial (2) joints: art. ellipsoidea art. bicondylaris art. sellaris Monoaxial (1) joints: art. trochoidea ginglymus JOINTS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN Juncturae columnae vertebralis Syndesmoses columnae vertebralis Longitudinal ligaments lig. longitudinale anterius – anterior longitudinal ligament lig. longitudinale posterius – posterior longitudinal ligament lig. supraspinale – supraspinal ligament lig. nuchae – nuchal liament 6 RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system Short ligaments ligg. flava – jellow ligaments ligg. interspinalia – interspinal ligaments ligg. intertransversaria – intertransverse ligaments Juncturae cartilagineae columnae vertebralis Symphysis intervertebralis discus intervertebralis – intervertebral disks anulus fibrosus – fibrous ring nucleus pulposus – jelly – liks nucleus Articulationes columnae vertebralis Artt. zygapophysiales – zygapophysial joints facies articularis superior facies articularis inferior capsula articularis Art. lumbosacralis – joint between 5th lumbar vertebra and 1st sacral vertebra Art. sacrococcygea – sacrococcygeal joint (art.plana) ligg. sacrococcygeae – sacrococcygeal ligaments Movements of the vertebral column: flexio, extensio trunci – forward and backward bending lateroflexio trunci – lateral flexion torsio trunci – twisting movement circumductio trunci – circular movement. Joints between vertebral column and skull Art. atlantooccipitalis – atlantooccipital joint (art. ellipsoidea – ellipsoidal joint, combined joints) facies articularis superior atlantis condylus occipitalis capsula articularis membrana atlantooccipitalis anterior – anterior atlantooccipital membrane membrana atlantooccipitalis posterior – posterior atlantooccipital membrane Movements: flexio, extensio capitis – flexion and extention of the head lateroflexio capitis – lateral flexion of the head circumductio capitis – circular movement of the head. Atlantoaxial joint: consists of art. atlantoaxialis mediana and art. atlantoaxialis lateralis (2). Art. atlantoaxialis mediana (art. trochoidea – cylindrical joint, combined joint) fovea dentis facies articularis anterior dentis facies articularis posterior dentis lig. transversum atlantis – transverse ligament of the atlas capsula articularis Ligaments: lig. apicis dentis – apical ligament of the dens ligg. alaria (2) – alar ligament  RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system 7 lig. cruciforme atlantis – cruciate ligament of the atlas, consists of two ligaments: lig. transversum atlantis – transverse ligament of the atlas fasciculi longitudinales – longitudinal bands membrana tectoria – tectorial membrane Art. atlantoaxialis lateralis (2) (art. plana) facies articularis inferior atlantis facies articularis superior axis capsula articularis Movements: rotatio capitis – rotation of the head. Curvatures of vertebral column Curvaturae primariae kyphosis thoracica – thoracic kyphosis (convex backward) kyphosis sacralis – sacral kyphosis Curvaturae secundariae lordosis cervicalis – cervical lordosis (convex forward) lordosis lumbalis – lumbar lordosis scoliosis – scoliosis CANALIS VERTEBRALIS – vertebral canal Paries anterior corpora vertebrarum, disci intervertebrales, lig. longitudinale posterius Paries posterior arcus vertebrarum, ligg. flava Paries lateralis (2) arcus vertebrarum, foramina intervertebralia Canalis sacralis, hiatus sacralis JOINTS BETWEEN RIBS, VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND BREASTBONE Juncturae thoracis Joints between ribs and vertebral column Artt. costovertebrales – costovertebral joints (artt. trochoideae, combined joints), consists of: art. capitis costae and art. costotransversaria. Art. capitis costae – joint of the head of the rib fovea costalis inferior fovea costalis superior facies articularis capitis costae capsula articularis lig. capitis costae radiatum – radiate ligament of the rib’s head Art. costotransversaria – costotransverse joint fovea costalis processus transversi facies articularis tuberculi costae capsula articularis ligg. costotransversaria – costotransverse ligaments 8 RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system Movements: rotatio costae – rotation of the rib during respiration. Joints between ribs and breastbone Synchondrosis costae primae – cartilaginous joint of the 1st rib Artt. sternocostales – sternocostal joints (artt. planae, amphiarthroses – plane joints, joints with very limited mobility) incisura costalis cartilago costalis capsula articularis ligg. sternocostalia radiata – radiate sternocostal ligaments membrana sterni – sternal membrane Symphysis manubriosternalis Symphysis xiphosternalis Membranae intercostales externae – external intercostal membranes Membranae intercostales internae – internal intercostal membranes Cavea thoracis – thoracic cage Walls of the thoracic cage: Anterior wall sternum, cartilagines costarum, membranae intercostales externae Posterior wall pars thoracica columnae vertebralis, costae, membranae intercostales internae Lateral wall (2) costae, spatia intercostalia – intercostal spaces Apertura thoracis superior – superior thoracic aperture - incisura jugularis, innernal border of the 1st rib, corpus of the 1st thoracic vertebra Apertura thoracis inferior – inferior thoracic aperture - processus xiphoideus, costal arch, 11th rib, 12th rib, corpus of the 12th thoracic vertebra Angulus infrasternalis – infrasternal angle Sulcus pulmonalis – pulmonary groove.  RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system 9 CRANIUM – skull, cranium NEUROCRANIUM – neurocranium basis cranii – base of the skull calvaria – skull-cap VISCEROCRANIUM – face skeleton NEUROCRANIUM OSSA NEUROCRANII – bones of the neurocranium Os sphenoidale – the sphenoid bone Os occipitale – the occipital bone Os frontale – the frontal bone Os ethmoidale – the ethmoid bone Os temporale (2) – the temporal bone Os parietale (2) – the parietal bone OS SPHENOIDALE – the sphenoid bone Bone has 4 parts: corpus – body ala major (2) – greater wing ala minor (2) – lesser wing processus pterygoideus (2) – pterygoid process Corpus Facies superior sulcus prechiasmaticus – prechiasmatic groove sella turcica – turcic sella tuberculum sellae – sell’s tubercle fossa hypophysialis – fossa for the hypophysis dorsum sellae – sell’s dorsum Facies lateralis sulcus caroticus – carotid groove Facies posterior synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis (until the age of 20; afterwards the cartilage joint ossifies) Facies anterior apertura sinus sphenoidalis – aperture of the sphenoidal sinus sinus sphenoidalis – sphenoidal sinus septum sinuum sphenoidalium – sept of the sphenoidal sinus Facies inferior. Ala minor (2) facies cerebralis, facies orbitalis canalis opticus – optic canal processus clinoideus anterior – anterior clinoid process fissura orbitalis superior – superior orbital fissure. 10 RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system Ala major (2) facies cerebralis – brain’s surface impressiones digitatae – finger-like depressions of the brain juga cerebralia – elevations of the brain sulci arteriosi – grooves for the cerebral blood vessels foramen rotundum – rotund foramen foramen ovale – oval foramen foramen spinosum – spinous foramen facies temporalis – temporal surface facies infratemporalis – infratemporal surface crista infratemporalis – infratemporal crest facies maxillaris – maxillar surface facies orbitalis – orbital surface. Processus pterygoideus (2) lamina lateralis – lateral plate lamina medialis – medial plate fossa pterygoidea – pterygoid fossa canalis pterygoideus – pterygoid canal. OS OCCIPITALE – the occipital bone Os occipitale has 4 parts: pars basilaris – basilar part pars lateralis (2) – lateral part squama occipitalis – squamous part foramen magnum – large opening pars basilaris – basilar part clivus – clivus sulcus sinus petrosi inferioris – groove for the inferior petrosal sinus tuberculum pharyngeum – pharyngeal tubercle. pars lateralis (2) – lateral parts incisura jugularis – jugular notch foramen jugulare – jugular aperture sulcus sinus sigmoidei – groove for the sigmoid sinus condylus occipitalis – occipital condyle canalis condylaris – condylar canal canalis nervi hypoglossi – hypoglossal canal. squama occipitalis – squamous part Facies cerebralis protuberantia occipitalis interna – internal occipital protuberance sulcus sinus occipitalis – groove for the occipital sinus sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris – groove for the upper sagittal sinus sulcus sinus transversi (2) – groove for the transverse sinus Facies externa protuberantia occipitalis externa – external occipital protuberance crista occipitalis externa – external occipital crest linea nuchalis superior – superior nucheal line linea nuchalis inferior – inferior nucheal line.  RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system 11 OS TEMPORALE (2) – the temporal bone Os temporale has 3 parts: pars petrosa – petrous part pars tympanica – tympanic part pars squamosa – squamous part pars petrosa – petrous part processus mastoideus – mastoid process cellulae mastoideae – mastoid cells antrum mastoideum – mastoid antrum incisura mastoidea – mastoid notch sulcus a. occipitalis – groove for the occipital artery foramen mastoideum – mastoid foramen sulcus sinus sigmoidei – groove for the sigmoid sinus apex partis petrosae – top of the petros portion apertura interna canalis carotici – internal opening for the carotid canal facies anterior partis petrosae – anterior surface tegmen tympani – tympanic covering eminentia arcuata – arcuate eminence hiatus canalis nervi petrosi majoris – hiatus of the greater petrosal nerve hiatus canalis nervi petrosi minoris – hiatus of the lesser petrosal nerve impressio trigeminalis – impression of the ganglion of the trigeminal nerve facies posterior partis petrosae – posterior surface porus acusticus internus – internal acoustic opening meatus acusticus internus – internal acousticus meatus canaliculus vestibuli – vestibular canaliculus (vestibular aqueduct) facies inferior partis petrosae – inferior surface processus styloideus – styloid process foramen stylomastoideum – stylomastoid foramen canalis nervi facialis – canal of the facial nerve fossa jugularis – jugular fossa canaliculus cochleae – cochlear canaliculus fossula petrosa – petrosal fossula canaliculus tympanicus – tympanic canaliculus apertura externa canalis carotici – external opening for the carotid canal canalis caroticus – external opening of carotid canal canalis musculotubarius – semicanalis m. tensoris tympani – semicanal for tensor tympani muscle semicanalis tubae auditivae – semicanal for auditive tube margo anterior partis petrosae – anterior margin margo superior partis petrosae – upper margin sulcus sinus petrosi superioris – groove for the superior petrosal sinus margo posterior partis petrosae – posterior margin sulcus sinus petrosi inferioris – groove for the inferior petrosal sinus incisura jugularis – jugular notch foramen jugulare – jugular aperture 12 RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system pars tympanica – tympanic part porus acusticus externus – external acoustic orifice meatus acusticus externus – external acoustic meatus fissura petrotympanica – petrotympanic fissure. pars squamosa – squamous part facies temporalis – temporal surface processus zygomaticus – zygomatic process fossa mandibularis – mandibular fossa tuberculum articulare – articular tubercle facies cerebralis – surface containing with the brain impressiones digitatae – finger-like depressions juga cerebralia – elevations of the brain sulci arteriosi – grooves for the cerebral blood vessels. Canales ossis temporalis – canal of the temporal bone Canalis nervi facialis – facial canal Canalis caroticus – carotid canal Canalis musculotubarius Canaliculus tympanicus – tympanic canaliculus Canaliculus vestibuli – vestibular canaliculus (vestibular aqueduct) Canaliculus cochleae – cochlear canaliculus Canaliculus chordae tympani – canaliculus for the tympanic chord Canaliculi caroticotympanici – caroticotympanic canaliculi Cavitas tympani – tympanic cavity OS PARIETALE (2) – the parietal bone angulus frontalis – frontal angle angulus occipitalis – occipital angle angulus sphenoidalis – sphenoidal angle angulus mastoideus – mastoid angle facies externa – external surface tuber parietale – parietal eminence linea temporalis superior – superior temporal line linea temporalis inferior – inferior temporal line foramen parietale – parietal foramen facies cerebralis – cerebral surface sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris – groove of the superior sagittal sinus foveolae granulares – foveolae for arachnoid granulations sulcus sinus sigmoidei – groove for the sigmoid sinus impressiones digitatae – finger-like depressions juga cerebralia – elevations of the brain sulci arteriosi – grooves for the cerebral blood vessels. OS FRONTALE – the frontal bone Os frontale has 4 parts: squama frontalis – squamous part pars orbitalis (2) – orbital part pars nasalis – nasal part  RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system 13 squama frontalis – squamous part sutura frontalis persistens s. sutura metopica – frontal suture facies externa – external surface tuber frontale – frontal eminence arcus superciliaris – superciliar arch glabella – glabella margo supraorbitalis – supraorbital margin incisura frontalis (foramen frontale) – frontal notch incisura supraorbitalis (foramen supraorbitale) – supraorbital notch processus zygomaticus – zygomatic process linea temporalis – temporal line facies temporalis – temporal surface facies interna – internal surface crista frontalis – frontal crest sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris – groove for the superior sagittal sinus. pars orbitalis (2) – orbital part incisura ethmoidalis – ethmoid notch facies orbitalis – orbital surface fossa glandulae lacrimalis – fossa for the lacrimal gland foramen ethmoidale anterius – anterior ethmoid foramen foramen ethmoidale posterius – posterior ethmoid foramen facies cerebralis – cerebral surface impressiones digitatae – finger-like depressions juga cerebralia – brain’s elevation pars nasalis – nasal part apertura sinus frontalis – aperture of the frontal sinus sinus frontalis – frontal sinus septum sinuum frontalium – sept of the frontal sinus. OS ETHMOIDALE – the ethmoidal bone Os ethmoidale has 4 parts: lamina cribrosa – cribriforme plate lamina perpendicularis – perpendicular plate labyrinthus ethmoidalis (2) – ethmoidal labyrinth lamina cribrosa – cribriforme plate foramina cribrosa – ethmoidal openings lamina perpendicularis – perpendicular plate crista galli – cock’s comb labyrinthus ethmoidalis (2) – ethmoidal labyrinth cellulae ethmoidales (anteriores, medii, posteriores) – ethmoidal cells lamina orbitalis – orbital plate concha nasalis superior – superior nasal concha concha nasalis media – middle nasal concha. 14 RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system VISCEROCRANIUM OSSA VISCEROCRANII – bones of the viscerocranium Maxilla (2) – the upper jaw Os zygomaticum (2) – the zygomatic bone Os palatinum (2) – the palatine bone Os lacrimale (2) – the lacrimal bone Os nasale (2) – the nasal bone Concha nasalis inferior (2) – inferior nasal concha Vomer – vomer Mandibula – the lower jaw Os hyoideum – the hyoid bone Ossicula auditus – the ear ossicle MAXILLA (2) – upper jaw Parts of the bone: corpus maxillae – body of the upper jaw processus frontalis – frontal process processus zygomaticus – zygomatic process processus palatinus – palatine process processus alveolaris – alveolar process. corpus maxillae – the body of the maxilla facies anterior – anterior surface incisura nasalis – nasal notch foramen infraorbitale – infraorbital foramen fossa canina – canin pit margo infraorbitalis – infraorbital margin facies orbitalis – orbital surface sulcus infraorbitalis – infraorbital groove canalis infraorbitalis – infraorbital canal facies nasalis – nasal surface hiatus maxillaris – opening to the maxillary sinus sinus maxillaris – maxillary sinus facies infratemporalis – infratemporal surface tuber maxillae – maxillary eminence foramina alveolaria – alveolar foramina canales alveolares – alveolar canales processus frontalis – frontal process sulcus lacrimalis – lacrimal groove processus zygomaticus – zygomatic process processus palatinus – palatine process canalis incisivus – incisive canal processus alveolaris – alveolar process arcus alveolaris – alveolar arch alveoli dentales – cavities for teeth septa interalveolaria – interalveolar septa septa interradicularia – interradicular septa juga alveolaria – alveolar elevations (yokes).  RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system 15 OS ZYGOMATICUM (2) – the zygomatic bone margo infraorbitalis – infraorbital margin facies lateralis – lateral surface foramen zygomaticofaciale – zygomaticofacial foramen facies orbitalis – orbital surface foramen zygomaticoorbitale – zygomaticoorbital foramen facies temporalis – temporal surface foramen zygomaticotemporale – zygomaticotemporal foramen processus frontalis – frontal process processus temporalis – temporal process. OS PALATINUM (2) – the palatine bone lamina horizontalis – horizontal plate facies nasalis – nasal surface facies palatina – palatine surface foramen palatinum majus – the greater palatine foramen canalis palatinus major – the greater palatine canal foramina palatina minora – the smaller palatine foramina canales palatini minores – the smaller palatine canales. lamina perpendicularis – perpendicular plate facies nasalis – nasal surface facies maxillaris – maxillar surface incisura sphenopalatina – sphenopalatine notch foramen sphenopalatinum – sphenopalatine foramen OS LACRIMALE (2) – lacrimal bone sulcus lacrimalis – lacrimal groove canalis nasolacrimalis – nasolacrimal canal. OS NASALE (2) – nasal bone CONCHA NASALIS INFERIOR (2) – inferior nasal concha VOMER – vomer MANDIBULA – lower jaw The bone has parts: corpus mandibulae – the body of the lower jaw ramus mandibulae (2) – ramus of the mandible. corpus mandibulae – body of the mandible basis mandibulae – base of the mandible protuberantia mentalis – mental protuberance tuberculum mentale (2) – mental tubercle foramen mentale (2) – mental foramen linea obliqua – oblique line spina mentalis – mental spine 16 RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system fossa digastrica (2) – depression for the anterior belly of the digastrici muscle fovea sublingualis (2) – fovea for the sublingual gland linea mylohyoidea (2) – mylohyoid line fovea submandibularis (2) – fovea for the submandibular gland pars alveolaris – alveolar part arcus alveolaris – alveolar arch alveoli dentales – cavities for the teeth septa interalveolaria – interalveolar septa septa interradicularia – interradicular septa juga alveolaria – alveolar elevations (yokes). ramus mandibulae (2) – ramus of the mandible angulus mandibulae – angle of the mandible processus condylaris – condyloid process caput mandibulae – the head of the mandible collum mandibulae – the neck of the mandible fovea pterygoidea – pterygoid fovea processus coronoideus – coronoid process incisura mandibulae – mandibular notch foramen mandibulae – mandibular foramen canalis mandibulae – mandibular canal sulcus mylohyoideus – mylohyoid groove lingula mandibulae – mandibular lingula tuberositas pterygoidea – pterygoid tuberosity tuberositas masseterica – masseteric tuberosity. OS HYOIDEUM – hyoid bone corpus – body cornu minus (2) – lesser horn cornu majus (2) – greater horn. JUNCTURAE CRANII – joints of the skull Juncturae fibrosae cranii Lig. stylohyoideum – ligament between styloid process and hyoid bone. Suturae cranii – sutures of the skull suturae serratae – saw-like sutures sutura coronalis – coronal suture sutura sagittalis – sagittal suture sutura lambdoidea – lambdoid suture sutura frontalis persistens s. metopica – frontal suture – 10% sutura squamosa – squamous suture suturae planae – plane sutures. Juncturae cartilagineae cranii Synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis Synchondrosis sphenoethmoidalis Synchondrosis sphenopetrosa Synchondrosis petrooccipitalis  RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system 17 Articulationes cranii Art. temporomandibularis – temporomandibular joint (art. bicondylaris, combined joint) caput mandibule fossa mandibularis tuberculum articulare capsula articularis discus articularis – articular disc lig. laterale – lateral ligament lig. stylomandibulare – stylomandibular ligament lig. sphenomandibulare – sphenomandibular ligament Movements: opening and closing of the mouth gliding movement of the mandibule forward, backward and lateraly rotation of the mandibule (chewing). NEUROCRANIUM BASIS CRANII – base of the skull CALVARIA – cap of the skull Border: margo supraorbitalis, processus zygomaticus ossis frontalis, crista infratemporalis, processus zygomaticus ossis temporalis, processus mastoideus, linea nuchalis superior, protuberantia occipitalis externa. BASIS CRANII INTERNA fossa cranii anterior – anterior fossa of the skull fossa cranii media – medium fossa of the skull fossa cranii posterior – posterior fossa of the skull. FOSSA CRANII ANTERIOR Border: squama frotalis ala minor ossis sphenoidalis sulcus prechiasmaticus. Bones: lamina cribrosa ossis ethmoidalis pars orbitalis ossis frontalis alae minores ossis sphenoidalis. Communications: foramina cribrosa → cavitas nasalis ossea (meatus nasi communis) foramen ethmoidale anterius → orbita. FOSSA CRANII MEDIA Border: sulcus prechiasmaticus ala minor ossis sphenoidalis pars squamosa ossis temporalis 18 RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system sulcus sinus petrosi superioris dorsum sellae. Bones: corpus ossis sphenoidalis ala major ossis sphenoidalis pars squamosa ossis temporalis facies anterior partis petrosae. Communications: canalis opticus → orbita fissura orbitalis superior → orbita foramen rotundum → fossa pterygopalatina foramen ovale → fossa infratemporalis foramen spinosum → fossa infratemporalis canalis caroticus → basis cranii externa foramen lacerum → basis cranii externa hiatus canalis n. petrosi majoris → canalis nervi facialis hiatus canalis n. petrosi minoris → canaliculus tympanicus → cavitas tympani. FOSSA CRANII POSTERIOR Border: dorsum sellae sulcus sinus petrosi superioris sulcus sinus transversi protuberantia occipitalis interna. Bones: os occipitale os temporale – facies posterior partis petrosae angulus mastoideus ossis parietalis. Communications: foramen magnum → basis cranii externa canalis nervi hypoglossi → basis cranii externa canalis condylaris → basis cranii externa foramen jugulare → basis cranii externa foramen mastoideum → basis cranii externa porus et meatus acusticus internus → canalis nervi facialis apertura canaliculi vestibuli → canaliculus vestibuli → auris interna. BASIS CRANII EXTERNA Arcus alveolaris superior Bones: processus alveolaris maxillae alveoli dentales septa interalveolaria septa interradicularia. Palatum osseum – bony palate Bones: processus palatinus maxillae (2) lamina horizontalis ossis palatini (2)  RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system 19 sutura palatina mediana – median palatine suture sutura palatina transversa – transverse palatine suture. Communications of bony palate: foramen incisivum (incisive foramen) → canalis incisivus → cavitas nasalis ossea (meatus nasi communis) foramen palatinum majus → canalis palatinus major → fossa pterygopalatina foramina palatina minores → canales palatini minores. Choana (2) – the paired openings communicating the external part of the skull with the nasal cavity Border: lamina horizontalis ossis palatini lamina medialis processus pterygoidei facies inferior corporis ossis sphenoidalis vomer. BASIS CRANII EXTERNA Communications: canalis pterygoideus → fossa pterygopalatina choana → cavitas nasalis ossea (meatus nasopharyngeus) canalis musculotubarius → cavitas tympani (auris media) canalis caroticus → fossa cranii media foramen lacerum → fossa cranii media fossula petrosa → canaliculus tympanicus → cavitas tympani foramen jugulare → fossa cranii posterior canaliculus cochleae → auris interna (cochlea) foramen stylomastoideum → canalis nervi facialis fissura petrotympanica → cavitas tympani porus acusticus externus → meatus acusticus externus foramen mastoideum → fossa cranii posterior foramen magnum → fossa cranii posterior canalis condylaris → fossa cranii posterior canalis nervi hypoglossi → fossa cranii posterior FOSSA TEMPORALIS Medial wall Planum temporale facies temporalis ossis frontalis facies temporalis alae majoris ossis sphenoidalis facies temporalis ossis parietalis facies temporalis ossis temporalis Lateral wall arcus zygomaticus Anterior wall facies temporalis ossis frontalis facies temporalis ossis zygomatici. Communications: foramen zygomaticotemporale → orbita fossa infratemporalis. 20 RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system FOSSA INFRATEMPORALIS Anterior wall: facies infratemporalis maxillae Medial wall: lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei ossis sphenoidalis Superior wall: facies infratemporalis alae majoris ossis sphenoidalis Lateral wall: arcus zygomaticus, ramus mandibulae. Communications: fissura orbitalis inferior → orbita fissura pterygomaxillaris → fossa pterygopalatina foramina alveolaria → canales alveolares maxillae foramen ovale → fossa cranii media foramen spinosum → fossa cranii media foramen mandibulae → canalis mandibulae → foramen mentale. FOSSA PTERYGOPALATINA Anterior wall: facies infratemporalis maxillae Meadial wall: lamina perpendicularis ossis palatini Posterior wall: processus pterygoideus Superior wall: facies maxillaris alae majoris ossis sphenoidalis. Communications: foramen sphenopalatinum → cavitas nasalis ossea (meatus nasopharyngeus) foramen rotundum → fossa cranii media canalis pterygoideus → basis cranii externa canalis palatinus major → foramen palatinum majus → cavitas oris fissura orbitalis inferior → orbita fissura pterygomaxillaris → fossa infratemporalis. ORBITA – orbital cavity aditus orbitalis – orbital opening margo supraorbitalis, margo medialis, margo infraorbitalis et margo lateralis paries medialis processus frontalis maxillae os lacrimale lamina orbitalis ossis ethmoidalis corpus ossis sphenoidalis paries superior facies orbitalis ossis frontalis ala minor ossis sphenoidalis paries lateralis facies orbitalis alae majoris ossis sphenoidalis facies orbitalis ossis zygomatici paries inferior facies orbitalis maxillae facies orbitalis ossis zygomatici.  RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system 21 Communications: canalis opticus → fossa cranii media fissura orbitalis superior → fossa cranii media foramen ethmoidale anterius → fossa cranii anterior foramen ethmoidale posterius → cavum nasalis ossea (celullae ethmoidales posteriores) canalis nasolacrimalis → cavitas nasalis ossea (meatus nasi inferior) canalis infraorbitalis → foramen infraorbitale → facies anterior maxillae fissura orbitalis inferior → fossa pterygopalatina ↓ fossa infratemporalis foramen zygomaticoorbitale → foramen zygomaticotemporale → fossa temporalis foramen zygomaticoorbitale → foramen zygomaticofaciale, facies lateralis ossis zygomatici. CAVITAS NASALIS OSSEA – bony nasal cavity Superior wall: lamina cribrosa Inferior wall: palatum osseum Lateral wall: facies nasalis maxillae os lacrimale labyrinthus ethmoidalis and concha nasalis superior and media lamina perpendicularis ossis palatini lamina medialis processus pterygoidei concha nasalis inferior Medial wall: septum nasi lamina perpendicularis ossis ethmoidalis vomer Anterior wall: os nasale apertura piriformis os nasale incisura nasalis maxillae Posterior wall: corpus ossis sphenoidalis (anterior wall) choana. Formations: concha nasalis superior concha nasalis media concha nasalis inferior. Communications: meatus nasi superior → cellulae ethmoidales posteriores meatus nasi medius → cellulae ethmoidales anteriores et mediae → apertura sinus frontalis → sinus frontalis → hiatus maxillaris → sinus maxillaris meatus nasi inferior → canalis nasolacrimalis → orbita meatus nasi communis → foramina cribrosa → fossa cranii anterior → canalis incisivus → foramen incisivum → cavitas oris → apertura piriformis → external environment 22 RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system meatus nasopharyngeus → foramen sphenopalatinum → fossa pterygopalatina → apertura sinus sphenoidalis → sinus sphenoidalis → choana → basis cranii externa. MEMBRUM SUPERIUS Cingulum membri superioris (pectorale) – shoulder (pectoral) girdle Pars libera membri superioris – free upper limb brachium – upper arm antebrachium – forearm manus – hand carpus – wrist metacarpus – metacarpus digiti manus – fingers OSSA MEMBRI SUPERIORIS – bones of the shoulder girdle SCAPULA – shoulder blade (os planum) margo medialis – medial margin margo lateralis – lateral margin margo superior – superior margin incisura scapulae – scapular notch. angulus inferior – inferior angle angulus superior – superior angle angulus lateralis – lateral angle cavitas glenoidalis – glenoid cavity tuberculum supraglenoidale – supraglenoid tubercle tuberculum infraglenoidale – infraglenoid tubercle collum scapulae – neck of the scapula processus coracoideus – coracoid process. facies costalis s. facies anterior – costal surface fossa subscapularis – subscapular fossa facies posterior – dorsal surface spina scapulae – spine of the scapula acromion – the acromion facies articularis acromii – articular facet of the acromii fossa supraspinata – supraspinous fossa fossa infraspinata – infraspinous fossa. CLAVICULA – collar bone (os longum) extremitas sternalis – sternal end facies articularis sternalis – sternal articular corpus claviculae – body of the clavicle extremitas acromialis – acromial end facies articularis acromialis – acromial articular.  RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system 23 HUMERUS (os brachii) – arm bone (os longum) epiphysis proximalis – proximal end caput humeri – head of the humerus collum anatomicum – anatomical neck tuberculum majus – greater tubercle crista tuberculi majoris – crest of the greater tubercle tuberculum minus – lesser tubercle crista tuberculi minoris – crest of the lesser tubercle sulcus intertubercularis – intertubercle groove collum chirurgicum – surgical neck corpus humeri – the body of the humerus facies anteromedialis – antero-medial surface facies anterolateralis – antero-lateral surface facies posterior – posterior surface margo medialis – medial margin margo lateralis – lateral margin tuberositas deltoidea – deltoid tuberosity sulcus n. radialis – groove of the radial nerve epiphysis distalis – distal (lower) end condylus humeri – condyle of the humerus capitulum humeri – capitulum of the humerus trochlea humeri – the trochlea of the humerus fossa radialis – radial fossa fossa coronoidea – coronoid fossa fossa olecrani – olecranon fossa epicondylus lateralis – lateral epicondyle epicondylus medialis – medial epicondyle sulcus n. ulnaris – groove of the ulnar nerve. RADIUS (os longum) epiphysis proximalis – upper (proximal) end caput radii – the head of the radius fovea articularis – fovea of the head of the radius circumferentia articularis – articular circumference collum radii – neck of the radius corpus radii – the body of the radius, shaft facies anterior – anterior surface tuberositas radii – radial tuberosity facies posterior – posterior surface facies lateralis – lateral surface margo anterior – anterior margin margo posterior – posterior margin margo interosseus – interosseus margin epiphysis distalis – lower (distal) end processus styloideus – styloid process incisura ulnaris – ulnar notch facies articularis carpalis – carpal articular surface. 24 RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system ULNA – elbow bone (os longum) epiphysis proximalis – proximal end olecranon – hook-like process (olecranon) processus coronoideus – coronoid process incisura trochlearis – trochlear notch incisura radialis – radial notch tuberositas ulnae – ulnar tuberosity corpus ulnae – the body (shaft) facies anterior – anterior surface facies posterior – posterior surface facies medialis – medial surface margo anterior – anterior margin margo posterior – posterior margin margo interosseus – interosseus margin epiphysis distalis – distal end caput ulnae – head of the ulna processus styloideus – styloid process circumferentia articularis – articular circumference. OSSA MANUS OSSA CARPI (ossa brevia) os scaphoideum – scaphoid bone os lunatum – lunate bone os triquetrum – triquetrum bone os pisiforme – pisiform bone os trapezium – trapezium bone os trapezoideum – trapezoid bone os capitatum – capitate bone os hamatum – hamate bone OSSA METACARPI (I – V) – the metacarpal bone (ossa longa) basis ossis metacarpi corpus ossis metacarpi caput ossis metacarpi OSSA DIGITORUM, PHALANGES phalanx proximalis – proximal phalanx phalanx media – medial phalanx phalanx distalis – distal phalanx basis phalangis – the base of the phalanx corpus phalangis – body of the phalanx caput phalangis – the head of the phalanx tuberositas phalangis distalis – tuberosity of the distal phalanx Ossa sesamoidea – sesamoid bones.  RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system 25 JUNCTURAE MEMBRI SUPERIORIS – joints of the shoulder (pectoral) girdle Juncturae cinguli pectorales Art. sternoclavicularis – sternoclavicular joint (art. spheroidea) incisura clavicularis manubrii sterni – clavicular notch of the sternum facies articularis sternalis claviculae – sternal articular surface capsula articularis – articular capsule discus articularis – articular disc Ligaments: lig. sternoclaviculare anterius – anterior sternoclavicular ligament lig. sternoclaviculare posterius – posterior sternoclavicular ligament lig. costoclaviculare – costoclavicular ligament lig. interclaviculare – interclavicular ligament Movements: elevation and depression of shoulder girdle forward and backward movements of shoulder girdle circumduction of shoulder girdle. Art. acromioclavicularis – acromioclavicular joint (art. plana, amphiarthrosis) facies articularis clavicularis acromii facies articularis acromialis claviculae capsula articularis discus articularis Ligaments: lig. acromioclaviculare – acromioclavicular ligament lig. coracoclaviculare – coracoclavicular ligament Movements: little gliding movements. Syndesmoses cinguli pectoralis Lig. coracoacromiale – coracoacromial ligament Lig. transversum scapulae superius – superior transverse scapular ligament. JUNCTURAE MEMBRI SUPERIORIS LIBERI – joints of the free upper limb Art. humeri – sholder joint (art. spheroidea – ball and socket joint) caput humeri cavitas glenoidalis scapulae labrum glenoidale capsula articularis Ligament: lig. coracohumerale Movements: flexio, extensio brachii abductio, adductio brachii rotatio interna, rotatio externa brachii circumductio brachii. 26 RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system Art. cubiti – elbow joint (art. composita) Art. humeroulnaris (ginglymus) trochlea humeri incisura trochlearis ulnae Art. humeroradialis (art. spheroidea) capitulum humeri fovea capitis radii Art. radioulnaris proximalis (art. trochoidea): circumferentia articularis radii incisura radialis ulnae Capsula articularis Ligaments: lig. collaterale ulnare lig. collaterale radiale lig. anulare radii Movements: flexio, extensio antebrachii. Joints between the bones of the forearm Membrana interossea antebrachii – interosseus membrane of the forearm Art. radioulnaris proximalis Art. radioulnaris distalis (art. trochoidea) incisura ulnaris radii circumferentia articularis ulnae discus articularis capsula articularis Movements: pronatio (rotatio interna), supinatio (rotatio externa) antebrachii. ARTT. MANUS Art. radiocarpalis - wrist joint (art. ellipsoidea – ellipsoidal joint) facies articularis carpalis radii discus articularis facies articularis ossis scaphoidei, ossis lunati, ossis triquetri capsula articularis Ligaments: lig. collaterale carpi radiale lig. collaterale carpi ulnare lig. radiocarpale palmare lig. radiocarpale dorsale Movements: flexio, extensio manus abductio, adductio manus circumductio manus. Artt. carpi; artt. intercarpales (artt. planae) facies articularis ossis scaphoidei, ossis lunati et ossis triquetri facies articularis ossis trapezii, ossis trapezoidei, ossis capitati et ossis hamati.  RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system 27 Art. mediocarpalis – mediocarpal joint (art. plana) facies articularis ossis scaphoidei, ossis lunati, ossis triquetri facies articularis ossis trapezii, ossis trapezoidei, ossis capitati, ossis hamati capsula articularis Ligaments: ligg. intercarpalia (interossea, dorsalia, palmaria) Movements: are very limited. Art. ossis pisiformis (art. plana, amphiarthrosis) facies articularis ossis pisiformis facies articularis ossis triquetri capsula articularis Artt. carpometacarpales (II – V) – carpometacarpal joint (artt. planae) facies articularis ossium carpalium facies articulares basium ossium metacarpalium (II – V) capsulae articulares Ligaments: ligg. carpometacarpalia palmaria et dorsalia. Art. carpometacarpalis pollicis – carpometacarpal joint of the thumb (art. sellaris – saddle joint) facies articularis ossis trapezii facies articularis basis ossis metacarpalis primi capsula articularis Movements: abductio, adductio pollicis oppositio (flexio), repositio (extensio) pollicis circumductio pollicis. Artt. intermetacarpales (II – V) – intermetacarpal joint (artt. planae) facies articulares basium ossium metacarpalium (II – V) capsulae articulares Ligamenta: ligg. metacarpalia palmaria, dorsalia et interossea. Artt. metacarpophalangeae (II – V) – metacarpophalangeal joint (artt. spheroideae) facies articularis capitis ossis metacarpalis facies articularis basis phalangis proximalis capsula articularis Ligaments: ligg. collateralia lig. palmare lig. metacarpale transversum profundum Movements: flexio, extensio digitorum abductio, adductio digitorum circumductio digitorum. 28 RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system Art. metacarpophalangea pollicis – metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb (ginglymus) facies articularis capitis ossis metacarpalis primi facies articularis basis phalangis proximalis primi capsula articularis Movements: flexio, extensio phalangis proximalis pollicis. Artt. interphalangeae – interphalangeal joint (ginglymus) facies articularis capitis phalangis facies articularis basis phalangis capsula articularis Ligaments: ligg. collateralia ligg. palmaria Movements: flexio, extensio phalangis mediae et phalangis distalis. OSSA MEMBRI INFERIORIS Cingulum pelvicum s. cingulum membri inferioris – pelvic girdle Pars libera membrum inferioris – free lower limb femur – thigh crus – lower leg pes – foot tarsus – tarsus metatarsus – metatarsus digiti pedis – toe OS COXAE – hip bone (coxal bone) os ilium – the ilium os ischii – the ischium os pubis – the pubis acetabulum – the acetabulum facies lunata – lunate articular surface fossa acetabuli – acetabular fossa incisura acetabuli – acetabular notch foramen obturatum – obturator foramen. Os ilium; ilium corpus ossis ilii – body ala ossis ilii – ala linea arcuata – arcuate line crista iliaca – iliac crest spina iliaca anterior superior – anterior upper iliac spine spina iliaca anterior inferior – anterior lower iliac spine fossa iliaca – iliac fossa facies sacropelvica – sacropelvic surface facies auricularis – auricular surface tuberositas iliaca – iliac tuberosity facies glutea – gluteal surface  RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system 29 linea glutea anterior – anterior gluteal line linea glutea posterior – posterior gluteal line linea glutea inferior – inferior gluteal line. Os ischii; ischium corpus ossis ischii – body ramus ossis ischii – ramus tuber ischiadicum – ischial tuberosity spina ischiadica – ischial spine incisura ischiadica minor – lesser ischiatic notch incisura ischiadica major – greater ischiatic notch. Os pubis; pubis corpus ossis pubis – body eminentia iliopubica – iliopubic eminence ramus superior ossis pubis – superior ramus pecten ossis pubis – pubic pecten tuberculum pubicum – pubic tubercle sulcus obturatorius – obturator groove facies symphysialis – symphysial surface ramus inferior ossis pubis – inferior ramus. FEMUR (os femoris) – thigh bone (os longum) epiphysis proximalis – proximal end caput femoris – head of the thigh fovea capitis femoris – fovea of the head of the thigh collum femoris – neck of the thigh trochanter major – greater trochanter fossa trochanterica – trochanteric fossa trochanter minor – lesser trochanter linea intertrochanterica – intertrochanteric line crista intertrochanterica – intertrochanteric crest corpus femoris – body of the thigh linea aspera – aspera (rough) line labium mediale – medial lip labium laterale – lateral lip tuberositas glutea – gluteal tuberosity linea pectinea – pecten line facies poplitea – popliteal surface epiphysis distalis – lower (distal) end condylus medialis – medial condyle facies articularis condyli medialis – medial condyle surface epicondylus medialis – medial epicondyle condylus lateralis – lateral condyle facies articularis condyli lateralis – lateral condyle surface epicondylus lateralis – lateral epicondyle facies patellaris – patellar surface fossa intercondylaris – intercondylar fossa. 30 RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system PATELLA – knee cap basis patellae – base of the patella apex patellae – apex of the patella facies articularis – articular surface. TIBIA – shin bone (os longum) epiphysis proximalis – proximal end condylus medialis – medial condyle condylus lateralis – lateral condyle facies articulares superiores – superior articular surfaces facies articularis fibularis – articular surface for the fibula eminentia intercondylaris – intercondyloid eminence area intercondylaris anterior – anterior intercondylar area area intercondylaris posterior – posterior intercondylar area diaphysis (corpus tibiae) – body (shaft) of the tibia facies medialis – medial surface facies lateralis – lateral surface facies posterior – posterior surface linea m. solei – soleal muscle line margo anterior – anterior margin tuberositas tibiae – tibial tuberosity margo interosseus – interosseous margin margo medialis – medial margin epiphysis distalis – lower (distal) end malleolus medialis – medial malleolus facies articularis malleoli medialis – articular surface of the malleolus sulcus malleolaris – malleolar groove incisura fibularis – fibular notch facies articularis inferior – inferior articular surface. FIBULA – calf bone (os longum – long bone) epiphysis proximalis – proximal end caput fibulae – head of the fibula facies articularis capitis fibulae – articular surface of the head of the fibula corpus fibulae – shaft of the fibula margo interosseus – interosseous margin epiphysis distalis – distal end malleolus lateralis – lateral malleolus facies articularis malleoli lateralis – articular surface of the malleolus fossa malleoli lateralis – fossa of the lateral malleolus. OSSA PEDIS OSSA TARSI (ossa brevia) Talus corpus tali – body of the talus trochlea tali – trochlea of the talus facies malleolaris medialis – medial malleolar surface facies malleolaris lateralis – lateral malleolar surface facies articularis superior tali – superior articular surface of the talus  RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system 31 sulcus tali – talar groove collum tali – neck of the talus caput tali – head of the talus. Calcaneus – calcaneus bone tuber calcanei – calcaneal tubercule sulcus calcanei – calcaneal groove sinus tarsi – tarsal sinus sustentaculum tali – sustentaculum tali Os naviculare – navicular bone Ossa cuneiformia (3) – cuneiform bones os cuneiforme mediale – medial cuneiform bone os cuneiforme intermedium – intermediate cuneiform bone os cuneiforme laterale – lateral cuneiform bone. Os cuboideum – cuboid bone OSSA METATARSI (I – V) – metatarsal bone (ossa longa) basis ossis metatarsi corpus ossis metatarsi caput ossis metatarsi OSSA DIGITORUM PEDIS – bones of the fingers (ossa longa) phalanx proximalis – proximal phalanx phalanx media – medial phalanx phalanx distalis – distal phalanx basis phalangis – base of the phalanx corpus phalangis – body of the phalanx caput phalangis – head of the phalanx tuberositas phalangis distalis – tuberosity of the distal phalanx. Ossa sesamoidea – sesamoid bones. JUNCTURAE MEMBRI INFERIORIS Juncturae cinguli pelvici – joints of the pelvic girdle Syndesmoses cinguli pelvici – fibrous joints of the pelvic girdle Membrana obturatoria – obturator membrane canalis obturatorius – obturator canal Lig. sacrospinale – sacrospinous ligament Lig. sacrotuberale – sacrotuberous ligament foramen ischiadicum minus – lesser ischiatic foramen foramen ischiadicum majus – greater ischiatic foramen. 32 RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system Symphysis pubica facies symphysialis ossis pubis (2) discus interpubicus Ligaments: lig. pubicum superius – superior pubic ligament lig. pubicum inferius – inferior pubic ligament Art. sacroiliaca (art. plana, amphiarthrosis) facies auricularis ossis sacri facies auricularis ossis ilii capsula articularis Ligaments: ligg. sacroiliaca anteriora, posteriora et interossea Movements: are very gliding limited. PELVIS Pelvis major – the greater or false pelvis vertebrae lumbales IV, V ala ossis ilii (2) distantia interspinosa (spina iliaca anterior superior dx. et sin.) – interspinous distance distantia intercristalis (crista iliaca dx. et sin.) – intercristal distance. Pelvis minor – the lesser or true pelvis os sacrum, os coccygis, os pubis, os ischii, corpus ossis ilii (2) Apertura pelvis superior – the superior pelvic aperture (the pelvic inlet) – linea terminalis (terminal line) – promontorium, art. sacroiliaca, linea arcuata, eminentia iliopubica, pecten ossis pubis, lig. pubicum superius. Apertura pelvis inferior – the inferior pelvic aperture (the pelvic outlet) – os coccygis, lig. sacrotuberale, tuber ischiadicum, ramus ossis ischii, ramus inferior ossis pubis, lig. pubicum inferius. Posterior wall: facies pelvica ossis sacri, os coccygis Lateral wall (2): os coxae, lig. sacrospinale, lig. sacrotuberale Anterior wall: ramus superior et inferior ossis pubis, ramus ossis ischii, membrana obturatoria, symphysis pubica arcus pubicus – the pubic arch (♀) angulus subpubicus – subpubic angle (♂) Pelvis minor in female diameter transversa – transverse diameter (between linea arcuata dx. et sin.) – 13,5 cm diameter obliqua dx., sin. – oblique diameter right, left (between art. sacroiliaca end eminentia iliopubica) – 12,5 cm conjugata anatomica – anatomical conjugate (from promontorium to the upper border of symphysis pubica) – 11,5 cm conjugata vera – true conjugate (distance between promontorium and the most bulging point on the back of symphysis pubica) – 10,5 – 11 cm  RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system 33 conjugata diagonalis – diagonal conjugate (from promontorium to lower border of symphysis pubica) – 12,5 – 13 cm conjugate recta – distance between the tip of coccyx and lower border of the pubic syphysis – 9 – 10 cm. JUNCTURAE MEMBRI INFERIORIS LIBERI – joints of the free lower limb Art. coxae – hip joint (art. cotylica, enarthrosis) facies lunata acetabuli labrum acetabulare – acetabular lip facies articularis capitis femoris capsula articularis Ligaments: ligg. intracapsularia lig. capitis femoris – ligament of the head of the femur lig. transversum acetabuli – transverse acetabular ligament ligg. capsularia zona orbicularis – circular fibres lig. iliofemorale lig. pubofemorale lig. ischiofemorale Movements: flexio, extensio femoris abductio, adductio femoris rotatio interna, rotatio externa femoris circumductio femoris flexio trunci. Art. genus – knee joint (art. bicondylaris) facies articulares condyli medialis et condyli lateralis femoris facies articulares superiores condyli medialis et condyli lateralis tibiae facies articularis patellae facies patellaris femoris capsula articularis patella meniscus medialis – medial meniscus meniscus lateralis – lateral meniscus Ligaments: ligg. intracapsularia ligg. cruciata genus – cruciate ligaments lig. cruciatum anterius lig. cruciatum posterius lig. transversum genus – transverse ligament of the knee ligg. extracapsularia/capsularia lig. collaterale tibiale lig. collaterale fibulare lig. patellae retinaculum patellae mediale – medial patellar retinaculum retinaculum patellae laterale – lateral patellar retinaculum plicae synoviales – synovial folds plicae alares (2) – alar folds 34 RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system plica synovialis infrapatellaris – infrapatellar synovial fold bursae bursa suprapatellaris bursa infrapatellaris profunda bursa subcutanea infrapatellaris bursa subcutanea prepatellaris bursa subfascialis prepatellaris bursa subtendinea prepatellaris villi synoviales Movements: flexio, extensio cruris rotatio interna, rotatio externa cruris. Joints between tibia and fibula Art. tibiofibularis (art. plana, amphiarthrosis) facies articularis fibularis tibiae facies articularis capitis fibulae capsula articularis Movements: limited gliding movements Membrana interossea cruris Syndesmosis tibiofibularis lig. tibiofibulare anterius lig. tibiofibulare posterius ARTT. PEDIS Art. talocruralis – ankle joint (ginglymus) facies articularis superior tali facies articularis inferior tibiae facies malleolaris medialis tali facies articularis malleoli medialis tibiae facies malleolaris lateralis tali facies articularis malleoli lateralis fibulae capsula articularis Ligaments: lig. collaterale mediale (deltoideum) pars tibiotalaris anterior pars tibiotalaris posterior pars tibionavicularis pars tibiocalcanea lig. collaterale laterale lig. talofibulare anterius lig. talofibulare posterius lig. calcaneofibulare Movements: flexio, extensio pedis abductio, adductio pedis.  RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system 35 Art. subtalaris s. art. talocalcanea talus calcaneus capsula articularis Art. tarsi transversa – transverse tarsal joint; consists of two joints: Art. talocalcaneonavicularis (art. spheroidea) – talocalcaneonavicular joint talus calcaneus caput tali os naviculare lig. calcaneonaviculare plantare capsula articularis Movements together with art. subtalaris: supinatio et adductio pedis pronatio et abductio pedis. Art. calcaneocuboidea – calcaneocuboid joint calcaneus os cuboideum capsula articularis Movements: limited gliding movements Art. cuneonavicularis – cuneonavicular joint Artt. intercuneiformes – intercuneiforms joints Ligamenta tarsi – tarsal ligaments lig. bifurcatum lig. calcaneonaviculare lig. calcaneocuboideum lig. calcaneonaviculare plantare lig. plantare longum lig. talocalcaneum interosseum Artt. tarsometatarsales (3) – tarsometatarsal joints (artt. planae) facies articulares ossium cuneiformium et ossis cuboidei facies articulares basium ossium metatarsalium capsulae articulares(3) Ligaments: ligg. tarsometatarsalia plantaria ligg. tarsometatarsalia dorsalia ligg. cuneometatarsalia interossea. Artt. intermetatarsales – intermetatarsal joints (artt. planae) facies articulares basium ossium metatarsalium capsulae articulares ligg. metatarsalia plantaria, dorsalia, interossea. Artt. metatarsophalangeae – metatarsophalangeal joints (artt. ellipsoideae) facies articularis capitis ossis metatarsalis facies articularis basis phalangis proximalis capsula articularis 36 RSU Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Skeletal system Ligaments: lig. plantare ligg. collateralia lig. metatarsale transversum profundum Movements: flexio, extensio digitorum abductio, adductio digitorum circumductio digitorum. Artt. interphalangeae pedis – interphalangeal joints (ginglymus) facies articularis capitis phalangis facies articularis basis phalangis capsula articularis Ligaments: lig. plantare ligg. collateralia Movements: flexio, extensio phalangis mediae et distalis.