KIN 4571 Exam 1 Practice Questions

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of sensory neurons?

To support and nourish neurons

To connect different types of neurons within the CNS

To transmit signals from the CNS to effectors

To carry sensory information from the PNS to the CNS (correct)

Which of the following accurately describes the location of the parietal lobe relative to the temporal lobe?

The parietal lobe is caudal to the temporal lobe

The parietal lobe is anterior to the temporal lobe

The parietal lobe is dorsal to the temporal lobe (correct)

The parietal lobe is ventral to the temporal lobe

Where are ganglia primarily found in relation to sensory neurons?

In the PNS (correct)

In the CNS

In the white matter

In the cerebellum

What type of receptor is responsible for detecting pain?

Nociceptors Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are classified as non-neural cells that provide support and nourishment to neurons?

Satellite cells Signup and view all the answers

What structure surrounds the gray matter in the spinal cord?

White matter Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is specifically associated with detecting changes in joint position?

Proprioceptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of motor neurons in the nervous system?

To control muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a structure that is located toward the head in a quadruped organism?

Rostral Signup and view all the answers

Which directional term means 'toward the back' in bipedal organisms?

Dorsal Signup and view all the answers

In anatomical terminology, what does the term 'medial' refer to?

Toward the midline Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of the median plane in anatomy?

Divides the body into equal left and right portions Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'distal' indicate in anatomical terms?

Away from the trunk Signup and view all the answers

Which plane is described as dividing the body into superior and inferior parts?

Transverse Plane Signup and view all the answers

In terms of directional terminology, what does 'caudal' mean in bipedal organisms?

Toward the tail Signup and view all the answers

What direction does the term 'lateral' describe?

Away from the midline Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action taken by the body when stepping on a painful stimulus like a Lego block?

Flex the leg and extend the standing leg Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reflex is affected by intentional input from the cortex?

Long-loop transcortical reflex Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can modify reflex actions?

Initial body position Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the crossed extension reflex?

Flex the injured leg while extending the non-injured leg Signup and view all the answers

What might lead to the adjustment of a reflex response when lifting a box?

The perceived weight of the box Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes a flexor reflex?

It involves multi-synaptic pathways with sensory inputs. Signup and view all the answers

In what way can motivation influence reflex actions?

It may alter the intensity or manner of the reflex. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not considered a component shared by all reflexes?

Muscle fiber Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the refractory period in neural communication?

To prevent backtracking of action potentials Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism describes the process of multiple neural inputs occurring at once?

Spatial summation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synapse involves the presence of interneurons?

Polysynaptic Signup and view all the answers

In which synaptic connection do axons directly connect to dendrites?

Axodendritic Signup and view all the answers

What effect does presynaptic inhibition have on neurotransmitter activity?

Decreases the activity of the postsynaptic neuron Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes long-term potentiation in synaptic enhancement?

Increased amplitude of EPSP Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of synapses in neuronal communication?

To convey messages between neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the role of myelin in neural conduction?

It helps achieve faster and more efficient signal transmission. Signup and view all the answers

How does the presynaptic facilitation affect a neuron?

It prolongs the action potential of the presynaptic neuron. Signup and view all the answers

What primarily characterizes electrical synapses?

They allow direct ionic current transfer between neurons. Signup and view all the answers

What type of inhibition is mediated by Ib interneurons from the Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs)?

Autogenic inhibition Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs) is correct regarding their response to muscle contraction?

They always respond to muscle contraction. Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle fiber is innervated by alpha motor neurons?

Extrafusal muscle fibers Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the relationship between action potentials and the all-or-none principle?

All action potentials have the same magnitude regardless of stimulus strength. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron morphology is involved in sensory inputs located in the dorsal root ganglia?

Unipolar neurons Signup and view all the answers

What effect does hyperpolarization have on a neuron’s ability to transmit signals?

Decreases excitability Signup and view all the answers

What type of signal do gamma motor neurons send?

Exitory signals to intrafusal fibers Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about synapses and neural transmission is accurate?

Synapses can strengthen with increased activity. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes how Golgi Tendon Organs contribute to muscle function?

They mediate force adjustments during contraction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the resting potential in a nerve cell?

To maintain ion gradients across the membrane Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Directional Terms

Superior: Toward the upper portion of the body.
Inferior: Toward the lower portion of the body.
Anterior: Towards the front.
Posterior: Towards the back.
Cranial: Towards the head.
Midline: Imaginary plane bisecting the body into left and right.
Median: Refers to the middle position.
Medial: Towards the midline.
Lateral: Away from the midline.
Proximal: Towards the trunk or central part of the body.
Distal: Away from the trunk or central part of the body.

Directional Terms (Neural Based)

Quadruped:
- Rostral: Towards the head.
- Caudal: Towards the tail.
- Ventral: Towards the belly.
- Dorsal: Towards the back.
Biped:
- Rostral: Anterior or superior.
- Caudal: Posterior or inferior.
- Ventral: Inferior or anterior.

Anatomical Planes

Sagittal: Vertical plane dividing left and right equally.
Parasagittal: Vertical plane dividing left and right, off center.
Coronal/Frontal: Vertical plane dividing front and back.
Horizontal: Parallel to the ground, dividing top and bottom.
Transverse: Perpendicular to the long axis of the body.

Neurons and Receptors

Sensory Neurons: Transmit information from the PNS to CNS.
Motor Neurons: Relay signals from CNS to PNS.
Interneurons: Connect neurons within the CNS.
Satellite Cells (Neuroglia): Support and protect neurons; assist with nutrient supply and neuron generation.

Types of Sensory Neurons

Exteroreceptors: Located in the skin, detecting external stimuli like pain and temperature.
Proprioceptors: Found in muscles and joints, responsible for detecting movement.
Enteroreceptors: Located in viscera, monitoring physiological states like pH.

Types of Sensory Stimuli

Chemoreceptors: Detect chemicals (e.g., smell).
Photoreceptors: Detect light (e.g., vision).
Thermoreceptors: Detect temperature changes.
Mechanoreceptors: Respond to mechanical changes.
Nociceptors: Detect pain stimuli.

Motor Neurons and Muscle Control

Motor pathways involve:
- Sensory neurons: Gather data.
- Interneurons: Relay information.
- Cerebral Cortex: Commands motor actions.
Flexor Reflex: Automatic muscle contraction in response to stimuli.
Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs): Monitor muscle tension and force; respond to muscle contraction and stretch.

Neural Transmission

Action Potential (AP): Electrical impulse enabling nerve signal transmission.
Resting Potential: Electrical charge of a neuron at rest (-65mV).
Threshold: Voltage level needed to trigger an AP.
Hyperpolarization: Increase in negativity, inhibiting signals.
Depolarization: Decrease in negativity, stimulating signals.

Types of Neural Communication

Synapses: Points where neurons communicate; can be electrical or chemical.
Monosynaptic: Direct connection between two neurons.
Polysynaptic: Involves one or more interneurons, affecting multiple synapses.

Reflex Actions

Flexor Reflex Circuit: Involves multiple neural circuits responding to painful stimuli (e.g., stepping on a sharp object).
Long-Loop Transcortical Reflexes: Intentional responses that integrate peripheral information and context.
Reflexes can be modified by various factors such as body position, motivation, and external stimuli.

Summary of Key Points

Afferent pathways carry signals from PNS to CNS.
Efferent pathways transmit commands from CNS to PNS.
Smooth modulation of muscle activity is influenced by the interplay of sensory and motor neurons.
Reflex arcs operate via rapid feedback loops for immediate responses to stimuli.

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Description

Explore essential terminology and anatomical directions in this quiz. Understanding terms like superior, inferior, and medial is crucial for anyone studying human anatomy. Test your knowledge on these basic concepts that form the foundation of anatomical studies.