Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary by-product of lactic acid fermentation?

  • Ethanol
  • Acetaldehyde
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Lactic acid (correct)

During alcoholic fermentation, which process converts pyruvate into acetaldehyde?

  • Oxidation
  • Hydrolysis
  • Hydrogenation
  • Decarboxylation (correct)

What role does NADH play in the formation of ethanol during alcoholic fermentation?

  • It is produced as a by-product.
  • It is transformed into lactic acid.
  • It serves as an enzyme for pyruvate conversion.
  • It donates a hydride group. (correct)

What is produced during lactic acid fermentation?

<p>Lactate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fermentation is primarily used in the production of bread and wine?

<p>Alcoholic fermentation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a product of anaerobic fermentation?

<p>Ethanol and carbon dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is used to regenerate NAD+ in lactic acid fermentation?

<p>Oxidation of NADH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hydride group from NADH play in lactic acid fermentation?

<p>It attaches to one of the carbon molecules of pyruvate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of fermentation does ethanol production occur?

<p>Alcoholic fermentation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common application of fermentation in physical activities?

<p>Producing energy anaerobically in muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fermentation is primarily associated with the production of lactic acid?

<p>Lactic acid fermentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of bacteria is known for undergoing lactic acid fermentation by producing only lactic acid?

<p>Homofermentative LAB (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a product of anaerobic fermentation that contributes to the flavor of dairy products?

<p>Lactic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fermentation utilizes glucose to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as its primary products?

<p>Alcoholic fermentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Lactobacillus acidophilus in the fermentation process?

<p>To act as a starter culture for yogurt production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of anaerobic respiration?

<p>To break down glucose in the absence of oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fermentation involves converting pyruvate to lactate?

<p>Lactic acid fermentation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about alcoholic fermentation is true?

<p>It converts pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is categorized as an obligate anaerobe according to the content provided?

<p>Clostridium tetani (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the initial products of glycolysis in the anaerobic respiration pathway?

<p>ATP, NADH, and pyruvate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anaerobic Respiration

The process of breaking down glucose to produce energy without oxygen.

Fermentation

A type of anaerobic respiration where pyruvate is converted to other products, like lactic acid or alcohol.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A type of fermentation where pyruvate is converted to lactic acid, creating energy without oxygen.

Alcoholic Fermentation

A type of fermentation where pyruvate is converted to alcohol and carbon dioxide to make energy without oxygen.

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Products of Anaerobic Fermentation

Vary depending on the specific fermentation type, but most commonly include lactic acid or alcohol and CO2.

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Where does alcoholic fermentation occur?

Alcoholic fermentation takes place in yeast and some bacteria, and it is also responsible for the production of alcohol in beverages like beer and wine.

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How is NAD+ regenerated in alcoholic fermentation?

During alcoholic fermentation, NAD+ is regenerated when pyruvate is converted to ethanol. This process produces carbon dioxide as a byproduct.

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What are the products of alcoholic fermentation?

Alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide as byproducts. This process also regenerates NAD+ for further use in glycolysis.

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What is the main function of alcoholic fermentation?

Alcoholic fermentation primarily serves to regenerate NAD+ from NADH, allowing glycolysis to continue producing ATP in an anaerobic environment.

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How is alcoholic fermentation used in everyday life?

Alcoholic fermentation is used in the production of alcoholic beverages like beer and wine, as well as in the baking industry where it contributes to the rise of bread dough.

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Homofermentative LAB

A type of bacteria that produces only lactic acid during fermentation, using glucose molecules as energy.

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Heterofermentative LAB

A type of bacteria that produces both lactic acid and other byproducts (like CO2 and ethanol) during fermentation.

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Lactobacillus acidophilus

A specific type of homofermentative lactic acid bacteria used in yogurt production.

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What role do starters play in dairy production?

They are cultures of LAB (like Lactobacillus acidophilus) that are added to milk to initiate fermentation and improve the flavor and properties of the final product.

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How does fermentation improve dairy products?

Fermentation by LAB changes the texture, flavor, and shelf life of dairy products, making them more palatable and digestible.

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Pyruvate's fate in alcoholic fermentation

In alcoholic fermentation, pyruvate is transformed into ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide. This happens through a process called decarboxylation, where pyruvate loses a carbon atom to form acetaldehyde.

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What regenerates NAD+ in alcoholic fermentation?

NAD+ is regenerated when acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol. This reduction uses a hydride group from NADH and one hydrogen molecule, resulting in NAD+ being ready for another round of glycolysis.

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Applications of alcoholic fermentation

Alcoholic fermentation is crucial in brewing and winemaking, creating the beloved beverages. It's also used in baking, helping bread dough rise due to the production of carbon dioxide.

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Is alcoholic fermentation used in dairy products?

No, alcoholic fermentation is rarely used to make dairy products. Instead, lactic acid fermentation is the primary method for producing yogurt, cheese, and other dairy products.

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Study Notes

Anaerobic Respiration

  • Anaerobic respiration is the process of breaking down glucose to produce energy without oxygen.
  • It uses alternative molecules as the final electron acceptor instead of oxygen.
  • Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration.

Fermentation

  • Fermentation begins with glycolysis, producing ATP, NADH, and pyruvate.
  • Pyruvate does not go through the Krebs cycle or the electron transport chain (ETC).
  • Two primary types are lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

  • Converts pyruvate to lactate.
  • Common in obligate anaerobes, also happens in muscle cells during strenuous activity.
  • Produces lactate.
  • Oxidizes NADH to NAD+, which is then reused.

Alcoholic Fermentation

  • Converts pyruvate to ethanol.
  • Used in bread and winemaking.
  • Produces ethanol and carbon dioxide.
  • Uses NADH to produce ethanol

Types of Bacteria in Lactic Acid Fermentation

  • Homofermentative LAB: Organisms that use glucose molecules to produce lactic acid only.
  • Heterofermentative LAB: Organisms that produce ethanol, carbon dioxide, and lactic acid from glucose.

Applications of Fermentation

  • Baking bread: Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) causes bread to rise creating a light texture.
  • Cheese production: Lactococci, Streptococci, and Lactobacilli convert milk sugars into lactic acid leading to cheese formation.
  • Winemaking: Yeast converts sugars in grapes into alcohol.
  • Yogurt production: Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus are combined with milk to make yogurt.

Products of Anaerobic Respiration

  • Glycolysis: Produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate.
  • Lactic Acid Fermentation: 2 lactate and 2 NAD+
  • Alcoholic Fermentation: 2 ethanol, 2 NAD+ and 2CO2

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Anaerobic Respiration (General Biology 11/2)

Description

This quiz covers the key concepts of anaerobic respiration and the two main types of fermentation: lactic acid and alcoholic. Understand how glucose is broken down without oxygen, the role of pyruvate, and the importance of these processes in energy production. Test your knowledge on the types of bacteria involved in fermentation as well.

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