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What is the primary function of anabolic reactions in the cell?
What is the primary function of anabolic reactions in the cell?
To synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones, utilizing energy to form chemical bonds
What is the primary energy storage molecule in anabolic processes?
What is the primary energy storage molecule in anabolic processes?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
What are the three main stages of anabolism?
What are the three main stages of anabolism?
Breakdown of nutrients into smaller molecules, synthesis of macromolecules, and formation of large molecules through chemical bonds
What are the primary energy sources for anabolic processes in heterotrophs?
What are the primary energy sources for anabolic processes in heterotrophs?
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How do anabolic hormones regulate anabolic processes?
How do anabolic hormones regulate anabolic processes?
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What is the role of DNA synthesis in anabolic processes?
What is the role of DNA synthesis in anabolic processes?
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How do photoheterotrophs and photoautotrophs obtain energy?
How do photoheterotrophs and photoautotrophs obtain energy?
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What is the primary function of chemoheterotrophs and chemoautotrophs?
What is the primary function of chemoheterotrophs and chemoautotrophs?
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What is the role of anabolic exercise in muscle growth and development?
What is the role of anabolic exercise in muscle growth and development?
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What is the byproduct of photosynthetic carbohydrate synthesis in plants and certain bacteria?
What is the byproduct of photosynthetic carbohydrate synthesis in plants and certain bacteria?
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Study Notes
Anabolism
- Anabolism is the metabolic process of building up or synthesizing compounds from simpler substances required by cells, requiring and storing energy.
- This process is endergonic, meaning it's not spontaneous and requires energy to progress the anabolic reaction.
- The complex molecules obtained are further used to store energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine Tri Phosphate).
Examples of Anabolic Processes
- Formation of disaccharides and water by combining simple sugars: C6 H12 O6 + C6H12O6 → C12 H22 O11 + H2O
- Formation of dipeptides by combining amino acids: NH2 CHRCOOH + NH2 CHRCOOH → NH2CHRCONHCHRCOOH + H 2 O
- Formation of lipids when glycerol reacts with fatty acids: CH2 OHCH(OH)CH2OH + C17H35COOH → CH2 OHCH(OH) CH2 OOCC17H35
- Process of photosynthesis to form glucose and oxygen: 6CO2 + 6H2 O → C6 H12 O6 + 6O2
Anabolic Hormones
- Insulin: promotes absorption of glucose
- Anabolic steroids: stimulate muscle growth
- Anaerobic exercise: helps in building muscle mass
Stages of Anabolism
- Production of precursors such as monosaccharides, nucleotides, amino acids, and isoprenoids
- Activation of the above-mentioned precursors into reactive forms with the help of energy from ATP
- Assemble the precursors to form complex molecules such as polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids
Energy Sources for Anabolic Processes
- Autotrophs: formation of complex organic molecules from simple molecules like water and carbon dioxide with the help of sunlight as an energy source
- Heterotrophs: require complex substances such as amino acids and monosaccharides to produce complex molecules
- Photoheterotrophs and photoautotrophs: obtain energy from light
- Chemoheterotrophs and chemoautotrophs: get energy from inorganic oxidation reactions
Metabolism
- Metabolism refers to a series of chemical reactions that occur in a living organism to sustain life
- It involves two types of metabolic process: catabolism and anabolism
Catabolism
- The process involves the breakdown of large molecules such as polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins into smaller units like monosaccharides, fatty acids, nucleotides, and amino acids, respectively
- The exact nature of catabolic reactions differs from organism to organism and can be classified based on their sources of energy and carbon
Stages of Catabolism
- Stage 1: Stage of Digestion (breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller components outside cells)
- Stage 2: Release of energy (broken-down molecules are taken up by cells and converted to yet smaller molecules, releasing energy)
- Stage 3: Energy Stored (released energy is stored by reducing the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide into NADH)
DNA Synthesis
- DNA is a macromolecule made up of smaller molecules known as nucleic acids
- DNA synthesis takes place in the nucleus of the cell before cell division, involving unzipping the double-stranded DNA, attaching new matching nucleotides to each strand to form two new strands
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Description
Learn about anabolism, the process of building complex molecules in cells, requiring energy and resulting in ATP storage. Understand its role in making polymers, repairing and growing tissues.
