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Cellular Metabolism: Catabolism and Anabolism

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Questions and Answers

What is the sum of all reactions in a cell?

Metabolism

What is the primary function of catabolism?

To break down macromolecules to produce energy

What is the energy currency of the cell?

ATP

What type of bond joins the first phosphoryl group to the 5-carbon sugar ribose in ATP?

<p>Phosphoester bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a sequence of metabolic reactions?

<p>Pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of anabolism?

<p>To use energy to synthesize macromolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of ATP?

<p>Nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, and one, two, or three phosphoryl groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy conversion strategy used by cells?

<p>Oxidation of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds are formed when energy is harvested and stored in ATP?

<p>Phosphoanhydride bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the molecule that is composed of a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar, and one, two, or three phosphoryl groups?

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of glucose metabolism?

<p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Stage I in catabolism?

<p>To degrade food molecules into component subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of pyruvate conversion in anaerobic conditions in yeast?

<p>Ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the coenzyme that carries acetyl groups in the citric acid cycle?

<p>Acetyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the proton gradient established in the electron transport chain?

<p>Production of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hexokinase in glycolysis?

<p>To catalyze the first committed step of glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of pyruvate conversion in aerobic conditions?

<p>CO2 + H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of ATP produced from the electron transport chain when a pair of electrons passes from NADH to O2?

<p>2.5 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the citric acid cycle?

<p>To oxidize nutrients and produce ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Stage 3 in catabolism?

<p>To completely oxidize nutrients and produce ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the phosphoanhydride bonds in ATP?

<p>To store energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the catabolic pathways in a cell?

<p>The release of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP in cellular energy-requiring functions?

<p>To provide energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the bonds formed when energy is harvested and stored in ATP?

<p>High-energy bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the oxidation of glucose in cells?

<p>To release energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between anabolism and catabolism?

<p>Anabolism is the opposite of catabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the phosphoester bond in ATP?

<p>To join the nitrogenous base to the 5-carbon sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of ATP as a molecule?

<p>It is a source of energy for cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the energy conversion strategy used by cells?

<p>The production of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the bonds that are broken during catabolism?

<p>Low-energy bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Stage I in catabolism?

<p>To break down food molecules into component subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration?

<p>To convert acetyl-CoA into CO2 and H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of pyruvate in aerobic conditions?

<p>It is transported to the mitochondria and converted to acetyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>To generate ATP through the movement of protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of pyruvate conversion in anaerobic conditions in mammals?

<p>Lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>To generate ATP from the energy released from the electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Stage 2 in catabolism?

<p>To assimilate small subunits into energy metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hexokinase in glycolysis?

<p>To phosphorylate glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the proton gradient established in the electron transport chain?

<p>The production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of ATP produced from the electron transport chain when a pair of electrons passes from FADH2 to O2?

<p>1.5 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Metabolism

  • Metabolism is the sum of all reactions in a cell, comprising catabolism and anabolism
  • Catabolism: breaking down macromolecules to produce energy
  • Anabolism: using energy to make macromolecules

ATP: The Cellular Energy Currency

  • ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the universal energy currency
  • ATP is a nucleotide, composed of:
    • Nitrogenous base
    • 5-carbon sugar (ribose)
    • One, two, or three phosphoryl groups

Catabolic Pathways

  • Major catabolic pathways in cells involve sequences of metabolic reactions
  • Examples of pathways: β-oxidation pathway and glycolysis
  • Glycolysis is the pathway that breaks down glucose to produce energy (ATP)

Overview of Catabolic Processes

  • Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can be degraded to release energy
  • Carbohydrates are the most readily used energy source
  • Stages of catabolism:
    1. Hydrolysis of dietary macromolecules into small subunits
    2. Conversion of monomers to a form that can be completely oxidized
    3. Complete oxidation of nutrients and production of ATP

Stage I: Hydrolysis of Dietary Macromolecules

  • Breakdown of polysaccharides into monosaccharides
  • Breakdown of proteins into amino acids
  • Breakdown of fats into fatty acids and glycerol

Stage 2: Conversion of Monomers

  • Conversion of small subunits into a form that can be completely oxidized
  • Formation of Acetyl CoA

Stage 3: Complete Oxidation of Nutrients

  • Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle
  • Electrons and hydrogen atoms are harvested to produce ATP during oxidative phosphorylation

Glycolysis

  • First stage of glucose metabolism
  • One molecule of glucose is converted to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, then to two molecules of pyruvate
  • Plays a key role in energy extraction from nutrients

Control Points in Glycolysis

  • Three reactions exhibit large decreases in free energy:
    • Hexokinase
    • Phosphofructokinase
    • Pyruvate kinase

Fates of Pyruvate

  • Conversion to lactic acid (anaerobic conditions in mammals)
  • Conversion to ethanol (anaerobic conditions in yeast)
  • Complete oxidation to CO2 and H2O (aerobic conditions)

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

  • Acetyl-CoA + 2H2O + 3NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi → 2CO2 + 3NADH + 3H+ + HSCoA + FADH2 + GTP

Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation

  • Electrons are passed down a series of electron-transfer complexes in mitochondria
  • Protons (H+) are transferred from the matrix to the intermembrane space
  • Proton gradient is established, and ATP is produced through ATP synthetase complex
  • A pair of electrons from NADH or FADH2 can produce 2.5-3 ATP or 1.5-2 ATP, respectively

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