Cellular Metabolism: Catabolism and Anabolism
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Questions and Answers

What is the sum of all reactions in a cell?

  • Anabolism
  • Catabolism
  • Metabolism (correct)
  • ATP production

    • What is the primary function of catabolism?

  • To oxidize glucose
  • To break down macromolecules to produce energy (correct)
  • To synthesize macromolecules
  • To store energy in ATP

    • What is the energy currency of the cell?

  • Glucose
  • ATP (correct)
  • ADP
  • NADH

    • What type of bond joins the first phosphoryl group to the 5-carbon sugar ribose in ATP?

    <p>Phosphoester bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a sequence of metabolic reactions?

    <p>Pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of anabolism?

    <p>To use energy to synthesize macromolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of ATP?

    <p>Nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, and one, two, or three phosphoryl groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy conversion strategy used by cells?

    <p>Oxidation of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonds are formed when energy is harvested and stored in ATP?

    <p>Phosphoanhydride bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the molecule that is composed of a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar, and one, two, or three phosphoryl groups?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of glucose metabolism?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Stage I in catabolism?

    <p>To degrade food molecules into component subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the byproduct of pyruvate conversion in anaerobic conditions in yeast?

    <p>Ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the coenzyme that carries acetyl groups in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Acetyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the proton gradient established in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Production of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hexokinase in glycolysis?

    <p>To catalyze the first committed step of glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the byproduct of pyruvate conversion in aerobic conditions?

    <p>CO2 + H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of ATP produced from the electron transport chain when a pair of electrons passes from NADH to O2?

    <p>2.5 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the citric acid cycle?

    <p>To oxidize nutrients and produce ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Stage 3 in catabolism?

    <p>To completely oxidize nutrients and produce ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the phosphoanhydride bonds in ATP?

    <p>To store energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the catabolic pathways in a cell?

    <p>The release of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ATP in cellular energy-requiring functions?

    <p>To provide energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the bonds formed when energy is harvested and stored in ATP?

    <p>High-energy bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the oxidation of glucose in cells?

    <p>To release energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between anabolism and catabolism?

    <p>Anabolism is the opposite of catabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the phosphoester bond in ATP?

    <p>To join the nitrogenous base to the 5-carbon sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of ATP as a molecule?

    <p>It is a source of energy for cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the energy conversion strategy used by cells?

    <p>The production of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the bonds that are broken during catabolism?

    <p>Low-energy bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Stage I in catabolism?

    <p>To break down food molecules into component subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration?

    <p>To convert acetyl-CoA into CO2 and H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of pyruvate in aerobic conditions?

    <p>It is transported to the mitochondria and converted to acetyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>To generate ATP through the movement of protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the byproduct of pyruvate conversion in anaerobic conditions in mammals?

    <p>Lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>To generate ATP from the energy released from the electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Stage 2 in catabolism?

    <p>To assimilate small subunits into energy metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hexokinase in glycolysis?

    <p>To phosphorylate glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the proton gradient established in the electron transport chain?

    <p>The production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of ATP produced from the electron transport chain when a pair of electrons passes from FADH2 to O2?

    <p>1.5 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Metabolism

    • Metabolism is the sum of all reactions in a cell, comprising catabolism and anabolism
    • Catabolism: breaking down macromolecules to produce energy
    • Anabolism: using energy to make macromolecules

    ATP: The Cellular Energy Currency

    • ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the universal energy currency
    • ATP is a nucleotide, composed of:
      • Nitrogenous base
      • 5-carbon sugar (ribose)
      • One, two, or three phosphoryl groups

    Catabolic Pathways

    • Major catabolic pathways in cells involve sequences of metabolic reactions
    • Examples of pathways: β-oxidation pathway and glycolysis
    • Glycolysis is the pathway that breaks down glucose to produce energy (ATP)

    Overview of Catabolic Processes

    • Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can be degraded to release energy
    • Carbohydrates are the most readily used energy source
    • Stages of catabolism:
      1. Hydrolysis of dietary macromolecules into small subunits
      2. Conversion of monomers to a form that can be completely oxidized
      3. Complete oxidation of nutrients and production of ATP

    Stage I: Hydrolysis of Dietary Macromolecules

    • Breakdown of polysaccharides into monosaccharides
    • Breakdown of proteins into amino acids
    • Breakdown of fats into fatty acids and glycerol

    Stage 2: Conversion of Monomers

    • Conversion of small subunits into a form that can be completely oxidized
    • Formation of Acetyl CoA

    Stage 3: Complete Oxidation of Nutrients

    • Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle
    • Electrons and hydrogen atoms are harvested to produce ATP during oxidative phosphorylation

    Glycolysis

    • First stage of glucose metabolism
    • One molecule of glucose is converted to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, then to two molecules of pyruvate
    • Plays a key role in energy extraction from nutrients

    Control Points in Glycolysis

    • Three reactions exhibit large decreases in free energy:
      • Hexokinase
      • Phosphofructokinase
      • Pyruvate kinase

    Fates of Pyruvate

    • Conversion to lactic acid (anaerobic conditions in mammals)
    • Conversion to ethanol (anaerobic conditions in yeast)
    • Complete oxidation to CO2 and H2O (aerobic conditions)

    Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

    • Acetyl-CoA + 2H2O + 3NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi → 2CO2 + 3NADH + 3H+ + HSCoA + FADH2 + GTP

    Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation

    • Electrons are passed down a series of electron-transfer complexes in mitochondria
    • Protons (H+) are transferred from the matrix to the intermembrane space
    • Proton gradient is established, and ATP is produced through ATP synthetase complex
    • A pair of electrons from NADH or FADH2 can produce 2.5-3 ATP or 1.5-2 ATP, respectively

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    Description

    Understand the basics of cellular metabolism, including catabolism and anabolism, and how cells convert energy. Learn about the role of ATP and energy conversion strategies in cells.

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