Cellular Metabolism: Catabolism and Anabolism

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Questions and Answers

What is the sum of all reactions in a cell?

  • Anabolism
  • Catabolism
  • Metabolism (correct)
  • ATP production

What is the primary function of catabolism?

  • To oxidize glucose
  • To break down macromolecules to produce energy (correct)
  • To synthesize macromolecules
  • To store energy in ATP

What is the energy currency of the cell?

  • Glucose
  • ATP (correct)
  • ADP
  • NADH

What type of bond joins the first phosphoryl group to the 5-carbon sugar ribose in ATP?

<p>Phosphoester bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a sequence of metabolic reactions?

<p>Pathway (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of anabolism?

<p>To use energy to synthesize macromolecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of ATP?

<p>Nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, and one, two, or three phosphoryl groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy conversion strategy used by cells?

<p>Oxidation of glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds are formed when energy is harvested and stored in ATP?

<p>Phosphoanhydride bonds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the molecule that is composed of a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar, and one, two, or three phosphoryl groups?

<p>ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of glucose metabolism?

<p>Glycolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Stage I in catabolism?

<p>To degrade food molecules into component subunits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of pyruvate conversion in anaerobic conditions in yeast?

<p>Ethanol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the coenzyme that carries acetyl groups in the citric acid cycle?

<p>Acetyl-CoA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the proton gradient established in the electron transport chain?

<p>Production of ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hexokinase in glycolysis?

<p>To catalyze the first committed step of glycolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of pyruvate conversion in aerobic conditions?

<p>CO2 + H2O (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of ATP produced from the electron transport chain when a pair of electrons passes from NADH to O2?

<p>2.5 ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the citric acid cycle?

<p>To oxidize nutrients and produce ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Stage 3 in catabolism?

<p>To completely oxidize nutrients and produce ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the phosphoanhydride bonds in ATP?

<p>To store energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the catabolic pathways in a cell?

<p>The release of energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP in cellular energy-requiring functions?

<p>To provide energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the bonds formed when energy is harvested and stored in ATP?

<p>High-energy bonds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the oxidation of glucose in cells?

<p>To release energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between anabolism and catabolism?

<p>Anabolism is the opposite of catabolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the phosphoester bond in ATP?

<p>To join the nitrogenous base to the 5-carbon sugar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of ATP as a molecule?

<p>It is a source of energy for cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the energy conversion strategy used by cells?

<p>The production of ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the bonds that are broken during catabolism?

<p>Low-energy bonds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Stage I in catabolism?

<p>To break down food molecules into component subunits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration?

<p>To convert acetyl-CoA into CO2 and H2O (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of pyruvate in aerobic conditions?

<p>It is transported to the mitochondria and converted to acetyl-CoA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>To generate ATP through the movement of protons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of pyruvate conversion in anaerobic conditions in mammals?

<p>Lactic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>To generate ATP from the energy released from the electron transport chain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Stage 2 in catabolism?

<p>To assimilate small subunits into energy metabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hexokinase in glycolysis?

<p>To phosphorylate glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the proton gradient established in the electron transport chain?

<p>The production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of ATP produced from the electron transport chain when a pair of electrons passes from FADH2 to O2?

<p>1.5 ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Metabolism

  • Metabolism is the sum of all reactions in a cell, comprising catabolism and anabolism
  • Catabolism: breaking down macromolecules to produce energy
  • Anabolism: using energy to make macromolecules

ATP: The Cellular Energy Currency

  • ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the universal energy currency
  • ATP is a nucleotide, composed of:
    • Nitrogenous base
    • 5-carbon sugar (ribose)
    • One, two, or three phosphoryl groups

Catabolic Pathways

  • Major catabolic pathways in cells involve sequences of metabolic reactions
  • Examples of pathways: β-oxidation pathway and glycolysis
  • Glycolysis is the pathway that breaks down glucose to produce energy (ATP)

Overview of Catabolic Processes

  • Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can be degraded to release energy
  • Carbohydrates are the most readily used energy source
  • Stages of catabolism:
    1. Hydrolysis of dietary macromolecules into small subunits
    2. Conversion of monomers to a form that can be completely oxidized
    3. Complete oxidation of nutrients and production of ATP

Stage I: Hydrolysis of Dietary Macromolecules

  • Breakdown of polysaccharides into monosaccharides
  • Breakdown of proteins into amino acids
  • Breakdown of fats into fatty acids and glycerol

Stage 2: Conversion of Monomers

  • Conversion of small subunits into a form that can be completely oxidized
  • Formation of Acetyl CoA

Stage 3: Complete Oxidation of Nutrients

  • Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle
  • Electrons and hydrogen atoms are harvested to produce ATP during oxidative phosphorylation

Glycolysis

  • First stage of glucose metabolism
  • One molecule of glucose is converted to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, then to two molecules of pyruvate
  • Plays a key role in energy extraction from nutrients

Control Points in Glycolysis

  • Three reactions exhibit large decreases in free energy:
    • Hexokinase
    • Phosphofructokinase
    • Pyruvate kinase

Fates of Pyruvate

  • Conversion to lactic acid (anaerobic conditions in mammals)
  • Conversion to ethanol (anaerobic conditions in yeast)
  • Complete oxidation to CO2 and H2O (aerobic conditions)

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

  • Acetyl-CoA + 2H2O + 3NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi → 2CO2 + 3NADH + 3H+ + HSCoA + FADH2 + GTP

Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation

  • Electrons are passed down a series of electron-transfer complexes in mitochondria
  • Protons (H+) are transferred from the matrix to the intermembrane space
  • Proton gradient is established, and ATP is produced through ATP synthetase complex
  • A pair of electrons from NADH or FADH2 can produce 2.5-3 ATP or 1.5-2 ATP, respectively

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