Anabolism of Biomolecules Part II: Cellular and Molecular Biology

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Questions and Answers

What is another term for lipid anabolism?

Lipogenesis

What are the products formed when glycerol binds with fatty acids?

Mono-/di-/tri-glycerides

Which site is the major site for purine nucleotide synthesis?

Liver

What are nucleosides?

Derivatives of purines and pyrimidines with a sugar linked to a ring nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the catalyst for the initial reaction in the biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides?

Cytosolic carbamoyl phosphate synthase II Signup and view all the answers

Define nucleotides.

Nucleosides with a phosphoryl group esterified to a hydroxyl group of the sugar Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) in pyrimidine biosynthesis?

Acts as a cofactor for uridine monophosphate synthetase (UMPS) Signup and view all the answers

What do NADH and FADH2 produced during B-oxidation and fatty acid synthesis contribute to?

Used by the electron transport chain to form ATP Signup and view all the answers

What are purines and pyrimidines?

Nitrogen-containing heterocycles Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leukocytes cannot produce purines?

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for the synthesis of purine nucleotides?

Folic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the process involved in nucleotides biosynthesis where synthesis occurs from amphibolic intermediates?

Synthesis de novo Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which fatty acids are converted to CoA thioesters?

Acyl-CoA synthetase Signup and view all the answers

How are fatty acyl CoA molecules transported into mitochondria?

Carnitine shuttle system Signup and view all the answers

In the process of fatty acid activation, what is hydrolyzed to form 2 Pi?

PPi (pyrophosphate) Signup and view all the answers

What is the catabolic process in mitochondria that breaks down fatty acid molecules to produce acetylCoA?

B-oxidation Signup and view all the answers

Name two enzymes involved in the B-oxidation of fatty acids.

AcylCoA dehydrogenase, ketoacylCoA thiolase Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme is responsible for converting fatty acyl CoA to acylcarnitine?

Carnitine acyltransferase 1 (CPT1) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lipid Metabolism and Anabolism

Lipid anabolism is also known as lipogenesis.
When glycerol binds with fatty acids, triglycerides are formed.

Nucleotide Synthesis

The major site for purine nucleotide synthesis is the liver.
Nucleosides consist of a nitrogenous base and a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose).
The catalyst for the initial reaction in pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis is carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II.
Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and one or more phosphate groups.
PRPP (phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate) is crucial in pyrimidine biosynthesis as it provides the ribose sugar necessary for nucleotide formation.

Energy Production and Electron Carriers

NADH and FADH2 produced during β-oxidation and fatty acid synthesis contribute to the electron transport chain for ATP production.

Nucleotide Types

Purines include adenine and guanine; pyrimidines include cytosine, thymine, and uracil.
Leukocytes (white blood cells) such as neutrophils cannot produce purines.
The synthesis of purine nucleotides is essential for DNA and RNA synthesis.

Biosynthesis Processes

Nucleotide biosynthesis occurs through de novo or salvage pathways, with de novo originating from amphibolic intermediates.
Fatty acids are converted to CoA thioesters through a process called fatty acid activation.

Fatty Acid Transport and Activation

Fatty acyl CoA molecules are transported into mitochondria via carnitine shuttle.
In fatty acid activation, ATP is hydrolyzed to form 2 Pi (inorganic phosphates).

Fatty Acid Catabolism

The catabolic process in mitochondria that breaks down fatty acid molecules to produce acetyl-CoA is β-oxidation.
Key enzymes involved in β-oxidation include acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase.
The enzyme responsible for converting fatty acyl CoA to acylcarnitine is carnitine acyltransferase I.

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Description

This quiz covers various topics related to the anabolism of biomolecules, including the metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides, lipids, and the oxidation of fatty acids. It also touches on processes such as activation of fatty acids at the outer mitochondrial membrane and degradation of acetyl CoA in the mitochondrial matrix.