AMP Review Session - Unit 5: The Heart & Respiration

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the anterior mediastinum?

Houses the esophagus and descending aorta

Site of differentiation of T-lymphocytes (correct)

Contains the heart and major blood vessels

Contains the vagus nerve and sympathetic trunk

Which of the following structures is found in the posterior mediastinum?

Pericardiacophrenic vessels

Heart

Thymus gland

Thoracic duct (correct)

Which mediastinum section contains the heart?

Anterior mediastinum

Superior mediastinum

Posterior mediastinum

Middle mediastinum (correct)

What key vessels and nerves are located in the superior mediastinum?

Nerves and vessels between the head and neck Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding the posterior mediastinum is true?

There are three crossing points between the esophagus and aorta. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Coronary Arteries?

They receive blood flow upon heart relaxation (diastole). Signup and view all the answers

Which structure of the heart separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?

Mitral Valve Signup and view all the answers

Where is the Transverse Sinus located?

Behind the great vessels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the location of the Oblique Sinus?

Behind the left atrium Signup and view all the answers

What event occurs when the aortic valve closes?

Coronary arteries receive blood flow. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the phrenic nerve?

To control the diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve travels behind the heart?

Vagus nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as a protective layer around the heart?

Pericardium Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the three layers of the pericardium?

Visceral layer Signup and view all the answers

The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of which nerve?

Vagus nerve Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

AMP Review Session - Unit 5: The Heart and Respiratory Tracts

Session structure will include content review (1 hour), practice questions (15 minutes), and Q&A (15 minutes).
Content outline: Mediastinum and Pericardium, The Heart, and Respiratory Tracts

Mediastinum and Pericardium

Content Outline: Thoracic Cavity, Thoracic Cages, Surface Anatomy, Heart Position, Mediastinum, Pericardium
Thoracic Cage
- Sternum (manubrium, body, xiphoid process)
- Ribs (true, false, floating)
- Costal cartilages, and inferior thoracic aperture/costal margin (infrasternal angle)

Surface Anatomy

The location of heart in the chest is determined by landmarks
Manubriosternal joint: separates superior and inferior mediastina
Transverse and vertical plane landmarks: sternal angle, xiphisternal joint, parasternal lines, and midclavicular line assist in locating the heart

Heart Position

Transverse plane landmarks include the sternal angle and xiphisternal joint
Vertical plane landmarks include parasternal lines and midclavicular line

Mediastinum Sections

Subsections of the mediastinum are: superior, inferior (with anterior, middle, and posterior divisions), and anterior.
Specific contents of each region:
- Superior Mediastinum: contains major nerves and vessels connecting the head and neck. Contains major large blood vessels such as large veins
- Inferior Mediastinum: has subdivisions like anterior, middle, and posterior
- Anterior Mediastinum contains the thymus gland, lymph nodes and fat
- Middle Mediastinum holds the heart, major coronary blood vessels such as coronary arteries and cardiac veins
- Posterior Mediastinum contains the thoracic aorta, vena cava, esophagus, and sympathetic trunk

Superior Mediastinum

Contains many nerves and vessels between the head and neck.
Contains large blood vessels.

Anterior Mediastinum

Contains the thymus gland, lymph nodes and fat
Site of T-lymphocyte differentiation

Posterior Mediastinum

Contains descending aorta, azygous vein, thoracic duct, esophagus, and sympathetic trunk
Structures cross at multiple points: arch of the aorta, thoracic (descending) aorta, abdominal (descending) aorta

Middle Mediastinum

Contains heart, coronary arteries and veins; cardiac plexus, pericardiacophrenic vessels, and phrenic nerves, and primary bronchi

Phrenic Nerve

Somatic nerve carrying sensory information
Goes in front of the hilum of the lung
Carries sensory information to the diaphragm

Vagus Nerve

Longest autonomic nerve
Travels behind the heart
Recurrent laryngeal branch innervates laryngeal muscles

The Pericardium

Protective structure around the heart
Three layers: Visceral, Parietal, Fibrous
Pericardial sinuses including the transverse sinus and oblique sinus

The Heart and Coronary Vessels

Content Outline: Heart Structure, Blood Flow, Valves, Coronary Arteries, Cardiac Veins, Innervation

Heart Structure

Includes the right and left atria and ventricles
Septum differentiates the right and left sides and separates the left and right sides

Blood Flow

Systemic circulation involves blood traveling from the heart, to the body and back
Pulmonary circulation involves the movement of blood from the heart, to the lungs and back to the heart.

Valves

Four valves of the heart including mitral, tricuspid, aortic and pulmonary: valves function to prevent backflow.

Coronary Arteries

Receive blood flow upon heart relaxation (diastole) when the aortic valve closes

Coronary Arteries (Branches)

Right Coronary Artery and branches including right marginal artery , posterior descending artery
Left Coronary Artery and its branches including left main coronary artery, left anterior descending artery, and circumflex artery

Cardiac Veins

Drain directly into the right atrium or coronary sinus
Specific cardiac veins include the anterior and middle cardiac veins

Innervation of the Heart

Cardiac plexus carries sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
Includes different components such as sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and the various bundles (left and right posterior bundles; Bachmann's bundle, His bundle, and Purkinje fibres)

Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts

Content Outline: Respiratory Tract Overview, Boney Walls and Sinuses, Laryngeal Musculature and Function, Pleurae, Gas Exchange, Respiratory Musculature and Function

Respiratory System

Includes upper and lower respiratory tracts
Divided into conducting and respiratory zones

Nasal Cavity

Medial wall (septum) includes perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone and vomer
Lateral wall has nasal conchae
The floor of nasal cavity includes the hard palate

Paranasal Sinuses

Include frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary sinuses
Drainage paths like semilunar hiatuses are important

Laryngeal Structure

Includes epiglottis, hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and corniculate cartilages

Laryngeal Muscles

Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are associated with pitch changes; suprahyoid muscles elevate larynx and infrahyoid muscles depress larynx

Muscles (Larynx)

Suprahyoid muscles elevate the larynx.
Infrahyoid muscles depress the larynx.

Pleurae

Visceral and parietal layers surround the lungs
Pleural regions include cervical, costal, mediastinal, and diaphragmatic regions
Hilum (root) of the lung is in the mediastinal pleura, includes essential structures including blood vessels and bronchi structures.

Tracheobronchial Tree

Primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi.
Right vs. Left Bronchial differences (structure and branching pattern)

Gas Exchange

How gas exchange happens in the alveoli
Relationship between alveoli, blood capillaries and gas exchange

Thoracic Cage Movement

Inspiration (active process): Diaphragm and external intercostals contract, increasing volume, decreasing pressure, and drawing air in.
Exhalation (passive process): Diaphragm relaxes, and rib cage recoils, causing increased pressure and air flowing out.

Practice Questions

Multiple choice questions related to the material covered during the review session.
Example questions including the ones about Mitral valve blockage, Referred pain, Coronary circulation components, Damage to Phrenic and Vagus nerves, rib fractures, and tumour location.

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Description

Join us for a comprehensive review of Unit 5, focusing on the heart and respiratory tracts. This session includes an overview of essential content, practice questions, and a Q&A segment to reinforce your understanding of anatomical structures. Prepare to delve into the mediastinum, pericardium, and key landmarks of the thoracic cavity.