Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which aminoglycosides have broad spectra that include many gram-negative aerobic bacteria as well as synergistic activity toward selected gram-positive organisms?
Which aminoglycosides have broad spectra that include many gram-negative aerobic bacteria as well as synergistic activity toward selected gram-positive organisms?
Which of the following pairs correctly match the narrow-spectrum aminoglycosides?
Which of the following pairs correctly match the narrow-spectrum aminoglycosides?
Which aminoglycoside has an extended spectrum that includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Which aminoglycoside has an extended spectrum that includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
What contributes to the high aqueous solubility and poor lipid solubility of aminoglycoside antimicrobials?
What contributes to the high aqueous solubility and poor lipid solubility of aminoglycoside antimicrobials?
Signup and view all the answers
What characteristic is shared by apramycin with other aminoglycosides?
What characteristic is shared by apramycin with other aminoglycosides?
Signup and view all the answers
What is unique about the structure of spectinomycin compared to other aminocyclitols?
What is unique about the structure of spectinomycin compared to other aminocyclitols?
Signup and view all the answers
Which feature of aminoglycosides limits their movement particularly in acidic environments?
Which feature of aminoglycosides limits their movement particularly in acidic environments?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary target site of aminoglycosides within bacteria?
What is the primary target site of aminoglycosides within bacteria?
Signup and view all the answers
What can markedly reduce the efficacy of aminoglycosides?
What can markedly reduce the efficacy of aminoglycosides?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is transfer into bacteria diminished in hypoxic tissues?
Why is transfer into bacteria diminished in hypoxic tissues?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does an alkaline pH have on passive movement of aminoglycosides across bacterial cell membranes?
What effect does an alkaline pH have on passive movement of aminoglycosides across bacterial cell membranes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the impact of changes in osmolality on the uptake of aminoglycosides?
What is the impact of changes in osmolality on the uptake of aminoglycosides?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor can interfere with the transport of cationic aminoglycosides into bacteria?
Which factor can interfere with the transport of cationic aminoglycosides into bacteria?
Signup and view all the answers
In what type of environment are aminoglycosides markedly curtailed in efficacy?
In what type of environment are aminoglycosides markedly curtailed in efficacy?
Signup and view all the answers
What synergistic effect is commonly observed when aminoglycosides are combined with beta-lactam antimicrobials?
What synergistic effect is commonly observed when aminoglycosides are combined with beta-lactam antimicrobials?
Signup and view all the answers
Which subunit of the bacterial ribosome is particularly bound by aminoglycosides?
Which subunit of the bacterial ribosome is particularly bound by aminoglycosides?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most commonly reported adverse effect of aminoglycosides?
What is the most commonly reported adverse effect of aminoglycosides?
Signup and view all the answers
How can kidneys be protected from aminoglycoside toxicity?
How can kidneys be protected from aminoglycoside toxicity?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor increases the risk of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicosis?
Which factor increases the risk of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of mitochondria in aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity?
What is the role of mitochondria in aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity?
Signup and view all the answers
What are some indicators of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity?
What are some indicators of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity?
Signup and view all the answers
How does early nephrotoxicity manifest in animals treated with aminoglycosides?
How does early nephrotoxicity manifest in animals treated with aminoglycosides?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does aciduria have on the risk of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicosis?
What effect does aciduria have on the risk of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which animals are particularly sensitive to the toxic vestibular effects of aminoglycosides at therapeutic concentrations?
Which animals are particularly sensitive to the toxic vestibular effects of aminoglycosides at therapeutic concentrations?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one way to decrease toxicity in diurnal animals when administering aminoglycosides?
What is one way to decrease toxicity in diurnal animals when administering aminoglycosides?
Signup and view all the answers
Why should aminoglycosides not be administered topically into the ear if the tympanic membrane is not intact?
Why should aminoglycosides not be administered topically into the ear if the tympanic membrane is not intact?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of once-daily dosing in enhancing the efficacy and safety of aminoglycosides?
What is the role of once-daily dosing in enhancing the efficacy and safety of aminoglycosides?
Signup and view all the answers
Which bacteria are more resistant to aminoglycosides when in an anaerobic environment?
Which bacteria are more resistant to aminoglycosides when in an anaerobic environment?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of resistance to aminoglycosides?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of resistance to aminoglycosides?
Signup and view all the answers
In which bacteria is adaptive resistance most frequently observed?
In which bacteria is adaptive resistance most frequently observed?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the reason behind the limited efficacy of streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin in bacterial infections?
What is the reason behind the limited efficacy of streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin in bacterial infections?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following aminoglycosides is considered to have the broadest spectrum?
Which of the following aminoglycosides is considered to have the broadest spectrum?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does increased production of the outer cell membrane protein, H1, have on Pseudomonas aeruginosa's resistance?
What effect does increased production of the outer cell membrane protein, H1, have on Pseudomonas aeruginosa's resistance?
Signup and view all the answers
Which bacteria are still susceptible to streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin despite their limited efficacy?
Which bacteria are still susceptible to streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin despite their limited efficacy?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to adaptive resistance if bacterial cells survive the initial ionic binding of aminoglycosides?
What happens to adaptive resistance if bacterial cells survive the initial ionic binding of aminoglycosides?
Signup and view all the answers
How does neomycin differ from streptomycin in terms of clinical use?
How does neomycin differ from streptomycin in terms of clinical use?
Signup and view all the answers
What factor can affect the elimination of aminoglycosides?
What factor can affect the elimination of aminoglycosides?
Signup and view all the answers
How do aminoglycosides typically follow elimination kinetics?
How do aminoglycosides typically follow elimination kinetics?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of injected aminoglycosides is excreted unchanged via the kidneys during the beta phase of elimination?
What percentage of injected aminoglycosides is excreted unchanged via the kidneys during the beta phase of elimination?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the terminal elimination half-life typically vary with the volume of the extracellular fluid compartment?
How does the terminal elimination half-life typically vary with the volume of the extracellular fluid compartment?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main focus when altering a dosage regimen of aminoglycosides?
What is the main focus when altering a dosage regimen of aminoglycosides?
Signup and view all the answers
Why are aminoglycosides commonly used despite their potential for nephrotoxicity?
Why are aminoglycosides commonly used despite their potential for nephrotoxicity?
Signup and view all the answers
How is the dosing frequency typically adjusted for aminoglycosides in concentration-dependent situations?
How is the dosing frequency typically adjusted for aminoglycosides in concentration-dependent situations?
Signup and view all the answers
In cases of renal failure, what should be done with the treatment interval for aminoglycosides?
In cases of renal failure, what should be done with the treatment interval for aminoglycosides?
Signup and view all the answers
'Trough concentrations' generally refer to sampling what part of the dosing cycle?
'Trough concentrations' generally refer to sampling what part of the dosing cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
Why are aminoglycosides administered once daily at high doses?
Why are aminoglycosides administered once daily at high doses?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following factors increases the risk of vestibular and cochlear damage?
Which of the following factors increases the risk of vestibular and cochlear damage?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the order of aminoglycosides from most to least potent for neuromuscular effects?
What is the order of aminoglycosides from most to least potent for neuromuscular effects?
Signup and view all the answers
Which drug has been found to have the least ototoxic potential among aminoglycosides?
Which drug has been found to have the least ototoxic potential among aminoglycosides?
Signup and view all the answers
What can antagonize the neuromuscular blockade caused by aminoglycosides?
What can antagonize the neuromuscular blockade caused by aminoglycosides?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following drugs is associated with causing enhanced nephrotoxicity when administered concurrently with aminoglycosides?
Which of the following drugs is associated with causing enhanced nephrotoxicity when administered concurrently with aminoglycosides?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a noteworthy laboratory finding associated with aminoglycosides?
What is a noteworthy laboratory finding associated with aminoglycosides?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism of action that makes aminoglycosides relatively ineffective against facultative anaerobes in a low-oxygen environment?
What is the mechanism of action that makes aminoglycosides relatively ineffective against facultative anaerobes in a low-oxygen environment?
Signup and view all the answers
Which route of administration allows for nearly complete absorption of aminoglycosides?
Which route of administration allows for nearly complete absorption of aminoglycosides?
Signup and view all the answers
Why are short dosing intervals, including continuous infusions, contraindicated for aminoglycosides?
Why are short dosing intervals, including continuous infusions, contraindicated for aminoglycosides?
Signup and view all the answers
Where do aminoglycosides accumulate increasingly due to ionization?
Where do aminoglycosides accumulate increasingly due to ionization?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main route of excretion for aminoglycosides?
What is the main route of excretion for aminoglycosides?
Signup and view all the answers
In which fluids are effective concentrations NOT reached when administering aminoglycosides?
In which fluids are effective concentrations NOT reached when administering aminoglycosides?
Signup and view all the answers
Why are aminoglycosides not administered with short dosing intervals?
Why are aminoglycosides not administered with short dosing intervals?
Signup and view all the answers
In the presence of enteritis and other pathological changes, absorption of aminoglycosides may be:
In the presence of enteritis and other pathological changes, absorption of aminoglycosides may be:
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes the route of absorption after subcutaneous (SC) injection of aminoglycosides?
What characterizes the route of absorption after subcutaneous (SC) injection of aminoglycosides?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the elimination half-life of apramycin in calves?
What is the elimination half-life of apramycin in calves?
Signup and view all the answers
Which bacterial species is apramycin NOT active against?
Which bacterial species is apramycin NOT active against?
Signup and view all the answers
How is spectinomycin primarily eliminated from the body?
How is spectinomycin primarily eliminated from the body?
Signup and view all the answers
In which species is apramycin considered toxic?
In which species is apramycin considered toxic?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the dosing regimen for spectinomycin in dogs when administered orally?
What is the dosing regimen for spectinomycin in dogs when administered orally?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary effect of spectinomycin on bacterial ribosomes?
What is the primary effect of spectinomycin on bacterial ribosomes?
Signup and view all the answers
