Amino Acid Metabolism: Biosynthesis of NEAA and Specialized Products (Easy)
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of essential amino acids?

  • They are derived from non-essential amino acids
  • They must be part of our diet (correct)
  • They can be synthesized by the human body
  • They are not needed for growth and development

    • Why is arginine considered essential during infancy and childhood?

  • Because it is an essential amino acid
  • Because it is not needed for growth and development
  • Because of rapid growth and development during this period (correct)
  • Because it is not present in the diet

    • What is the term for amino acids that can be synthesized by the human body?

  • Conditional amino acids
  • Essential amino acids
  • Gluconeogenic amino acids
  • Non-essential amino acids (correct)

    • Which amino acid is a precursor of catecholamines, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, thyroid hormones, and melanin?

    <p>Tyrosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of carnitine in the body?

    <p>Conversion of fatty acids into energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the condensation of Succinyl CoA and glycine?

    <p>Gamma-Aminolevulinic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid is involved in heme synthesis?

    <p>Glycine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cofactor required for the synthesis of Gamma-Aminolevulinic acid?

    <p>PLP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between lysine and carnitine?

    <p>A deficiency in lysine leads to a deficiency in carnitine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of alpha-ketoglutarate in amino acid metabolism?

    <p>It is converted to glutamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of deficient glycine or pyridoxine in the diet?

    <p>Nutritional anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prosthetic group of hemoglobin and myoglobin?

    <p>Glycine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the component of hemoglobin found in RBCs and myoglobin found in muscles?

    <p>Heme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of carbon skeleton for the synthesis of Glycine, Serine, and Cysteine?

    <p>3-Phosphoglycerate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which citric acid cycle intermediate is involved in the synthesis of Aspartate and Asparagine?

    <p>Oxaloacetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the precursor of Tyrosine in the presence of low Phenylalanine?

    <p>Phenylalanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid is strictly ketogenic due to its carbon skeleton being converted to Acetyl-CoA or Acetoacetate?

    <p>Leucine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many amino acids have separate catabolic pathways that converge to form the seven intermediate products?

    <p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the precursor of serotonin and melatonin?

    <p>Tryptophan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid is a precursor of thyroid hormones and melanin?

    <p>Tyrosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of N-acetyl glutamate in urea synthesis?

    <p>It is an allosteric activator of CPS I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the precursor of glutathione?

    <p>Glutamate, Cysteine, Glycine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the precursor of creatine and creatinine?

    <p>Arginine, Glycine, Methionine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid is a component of the phospholipid involved in cell apoptosis?

    <p>Serine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes serine nutritionally non-essential amino acid?

    <p>It is derived from an amphibolic intermediate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one-carbon donor is involved in the reversible conversion of serine to glycine?

    <p>SAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following amino acids is synthesized from alpha-ketoglutarate?

    <p>Glutamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid is the direct precursor of dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)?

    <p>Tyrosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biochemical basis for the characteristic 'musty' odor of the skin and wet diaper in PK, a 3-year-old male?

    <p>Elevated levels of phenylacetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of amino acids based on nutrition?

    <p>Based on their essentiality or non-essentiality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid is involved in the synthesis of creatine?

    <p>Glycine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a deficiency in glutamate metabolism?

    <p>Impaired neurotransmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do non-essential amino acids differ from essential amino acids?

    <p>They can be synthesized by the human body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Glycine in porphyrin and heme synthesis?

    <p>It is involved in the synthesis of alpha-aminolevulinic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of aspartate in the body?

    <p>It is involved in the synthesis of glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid is involved in the synthesis of methionine?

    <p>Homocysteine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of glycine in the synthesis of creatine?

    <p>It is involved in the synthesis of guanidinoacetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Amino Acid Classification

    • Amino acids can be classified into two categories: essential and non-essential.
    • Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be part of the diet.
    • Non-essential amino acids can be synthesized by the body from amphibolic intermediates of glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and pyruvate.

    Essential Amino Acids

    • There are 10 essential amino acids: Threonine, Tryptophan, Arginine, Phenylalanine, Lysine, Valine, Histidine, Leucine, Isoleucine, and Methionine.
    • These amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through the diet.

    Non-Essential Amino Acids

    • There are 10 non-essential amino acids: Alanine, Asparagine, Aspartate, Arginine, Cysteine, Glutamate, Glutamine, Glycine, Proline, and Serine.
    • These amino acids can be synthesized by the body from amphibolic intermediates of glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and pyruvate.

    Biosynthesis of Non-Essential Amino Acids

    • Alanine is synthesized from pyruvate through transamination.
    • Glutamine, Proline, and Arginine are synthesized from α-ketoglutarate.
    • Glycine, Serine, and Cysteine are synthesized from 3-phosphoglycerate.
    • Aspartate and Asparagine are synthesized from oxaloacetate (OAA).

    Specialized Products

    • Tyrosine is a precursor of catecholamines, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, thyroid hormones, and melanin.
    • Glycine is a precursor of heme, porphyrin, and creatine.
    • Arginine is a precursor of nitric oxide, spermidine, and spermine.
    • Methionine is a precursor of S-adenosylmethionine, spermidine, and spermine.

    Neurotransmitters

    • Neurotransmitters are derived from amino acids: Histamine from Histidine, Serotonin from Tryptophan, Dopamine from Tyrosine, and Acetylcholine from Serine.

    Classification of Amino Acids Based on Metabolism

    • Glucogenic amino acids: 13 amino acids that degrade to TCA intermediates.
    • Both glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids: 5 amino acids that degrade to TCA intermediates and produce ketone bodies.
    • Ketogenic amino acids: 2 amino acids that produce ketone bodies: Leucine and Lysine (although most references classify Leucine as the only strictly ketogenic amino acid).

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