Altered States of Consciousness Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with revitalization movements?

  • Millenarian and apocalyptic
  • Messianic
  • Progressive and future-oriented (correct)
  • Nativist and nationalist

    • What is a common feature of syncretism?

  • Integration of diverse religious beliefs (correct)
  • Emphasis on a single religious dogma
  • Focus solely on historical traditions
  • Rejection of outside influences

    • Which option best describes shamanism?

  • A form of witchcraft focused on spells
  • A hierarchical religious structure
  • A method of group therapy
  • A practice that involves communication with the spirit world (correct)

    • Which type of pilgrimage is marked by journeys to sacred sites?

    <p>Religious pilgrimage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the state play in a theocratic system?

    <p>Religion serves as the foundation for laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a state where religion and state are completely separated?

    <p>Secular state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the perspective of fundamentalism?

    <p>Religious scriptures are infallible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Eastern religion believes in karma and dharma as a means to achieve good reincarnation?

    <p>Hinduism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following religions does not have a deity and focuses on moral philosophy?

    <p>Confucianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who should lead in Shi'ite Islam?

    <p>Imams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Buddhism in relation to reincarnation?

    <p>To achieve nirvana</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic best describes Taoism?

    <p>Focus on harmony with nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which state model is characterized by religion being forbidden?

    <p>Atheist state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Altered States of Consciousness (ASC)

    • Brainwave States:

      • Beta: Waking, conscious state.
      • Alpha: Daydreaming, light trance.
      • Theta: REM dreaming; deep trance.
      • Delta: Deep sleep, unconsciousness.
      • REMINDER: BAT-D!

    • Types of ASC:

      • Hypnagogic: State between sleep and wakefulness.
      • Hallucinogenic: Psychedelic states induced by drugs.
        • REMINDER: Hallucinations
      • Spirit Possession: Feelings of disassociation.
      • Hypnotic Trance: Hypnosis/trance/mesmerism.
      • REM Dreaming: Lucid dreaming possible.

    Brain Structures

    • Left Hemisphere: Logical, analytic, linear thinking, sequential time experience. Controls the right side of the body.
    • Right Hemisphere: Intuitive, emotional, holistic thinking, spatial time experience.

    Hypnosis

    • State of trance.
    • Initially called Mesmerism after Franz Anton Mesmer, due to his ability to manipulate "animal magnetism."
    • Later, Charcot renamed this technique as hypnotism after Hypnos, the Greek god of sleep.

    The God Helmet

    • Device by Dr. Michael Persinger.
    • Uses magnetic fields to stimulate temporal lobes, potentially evoking religious experiences and feelings of a divine presence.

    Doors of Perception

    • Book by Aldous Huxley.
    • Named after a poem by William Blake.
    • Discussion of Huxley's experiments with mescaline (hallucinogen).

    Entheogens

    • Plants used for religious purposes, believed to contain divine life force or energy.
      • Ayahuasca: Two plants used by Amazonian shamans.
      • Peyote: Cactus containing mescaline, used by Native American churches.
      • Ergot: Brain fungus consumed in ancient rituals, linked to visions of demonic torment.
      • Fly Agaric: Mushroom; used by various cultures (Tungus Shamans, Vikings, etc.)
      • Cannabis (Hemp/Hashish): Used in medieval groups (Assassins) and Rastafarianism.

    Syncretism

    • Religion combining two or more pre-existing religions, often between indigenous groups and colonial faiths.

    Spiritualism

    • Originated with the Fox sisters; table-rappings.
    • Belief in a progressive afterlife and communication with spirits via mediums.

    Spirit Possession (additional info)

    • Rhythmic drumming and singing lead to trance states.
    • Possessed individuals may lose memory or experience physical changes.
    • Non-Haitian people have also reported instances of possession during ceremonies.
    • Various theorized mechanisms behind spirit possession (emic theory, theatrical theory, dissociation theory).

    Afro-Christian Religions

    • Vodun (Voodoo): Originated with enslaved people in Haiti. Practitioners: Hougans and Mambos. Shrines: Peristyle structures. Mediators: Lwa spirits (Legba). Controversies: Animal sacrifices.
    • Santeria: Originated with Cuban slaves. Practitioners: Santeros (or Babalaos). Shrines: Altars in homes or botanicas. Mediators: Orisha spirits (Chango, Yemaya). Controversies: Animal sacrifices.
    • Candomble: Originated with Brazilian slaves. Practitioners: Umbandistas. Shrines: Altars in homes. Mediators: Ogoun (St. Peter), Oloddua (St. Anthony). Controversies: Historical case of a German WW2 doctor allegedly possessed during a ritual.

    Ras Tafari

    • Founder: Marcus Garvey (1930s Jamaica)
    • Sacred text: The Holy Piny.
    • Prophecy: "Crown of King in the East" followed by redemption.
    • Rituals: Reasoning (involves use of ganja/hemp).
    • Beliefs: Haile Selassie was the African Messiah.

    Revitalization Movements

    • Deliberate, organized, and conscious effort by members of society to construct a more satisfying culture (often in response to colonialism).
    • Secular or religious in nature.
    • Characteristics include nativism, messianism, prophetism, syncretism, millenarianism, and reactionarism.
    • Stages of formation: steady state, increased stress, cultural distortion, revitalization, new steady state.

    Revitalization Movements - Specific Examples

    • Ghost dance: 19th-century Native American practice; aimed to return ancestral buffalo herds and protect participants from being harmed by white men; led to the Wounded Knee Massacre (1890).
    • Cargo cults: Pacific Melanesian practice; efforts to gain cargo and challenge colonial powers; still active today.
    • Serpent handlers: U.S. Holiness-Pentecostal churches; practitioners handle snakes and ingest poisons as a demonstration of faith, considered risky by many including health professionals.
    • Zapatista revolt: 1990's armed revolution in Chiapas, Mexico; partially stemming from an earlier indigenous movement.

    Witchcraft

    • Evil eye: A gaze or power that causes misfortune, curses, or hexes.
    • Mobility hypothesis: Suggests that the settlement of societies and the accumulation of property can lead to conflicts over inheritance, and suspicion of women in the inheritance process, can lead to accusations of witchcraft.

    Malleus Maleficarum

    • Book written by two Dominicans.
    • Argued that witchcraft was real and detailed accusations for prosecution.
    • The warnings against witches contained harsh and dangerous content that led to the execution of innocent women.

    Salem Witch Hunt of 1692

    • Occurred in Salem, Massachusetts.
    • Tituba, a slave, played a role in initiating the hysteria, instructing other girls in "root charms".
    • Accusations of witchcraft led to mass arrests and executions of innocent people.

    Wicca

    • Founded by Gerald Gardner (England 1940s)
    • Beliefs: Ecology, feminism, god/goddess duo.
    • Practices: Coven/grove memberships or solo practice.
    • Misunderstandings: Misinterpretations surrounding horned god (Master of the Hunt), pentagram and Threefold Law.

    Rituals - General Concepts

    • Serve to separate sacred time from secular time.
    • Include lifecycle rituals, calendrical rituals, and funerary rituals.
    • Collective and social actions.
    • Individual and introspective experience for the participants.
    • Characteristics: Temporal, Spatial, Body, Fertility, Divination, Healing, Taboos.

    Rituals - Specific examples

    • Examples like the Wiccan Rede and threefold law are covered under specific religious concepts within various religions.

    Rituals - Types

    • Body alteration: Elongation, distortion, tattooing, scarification, incision.
    • Body painting: Marking and ceremonial painting
    • Body marking: Branding, scarring, incision.
    • Incisions: Circumcision.
    • Clothing/costumes: Ceremonial attire.
    • Fasting/flesh mortification: Practices of asceticism.
    • Sadomasochism: Practices involving the infliction or receipt of pain.

    Solstices & Equinoxes

    • Mark the beginning of the four seasons.
    • Many cultures have rituals associated with these events.

    Mayan Calendar

    • Two calendars used in Mayan civilization
    • One aligned with a 365 day solar year.
    • Second calendar is 265 day.

    Pilgrimage

    • Travel to sacred sites for religious devotion.
    • Pilgrims seek spiritual experiences.

    Examples of Pilgrimage Sites and Features

    • Santiago de Compostela: Northern Spain, site of a tomb of St. James.
    • Al-Aqsa: Muslim holy site in Jerusalem.
    • Glastonbury: Southwestern England; stories of Jesus, Arthur, the holy grail and a tree.

    Totem and Taboo

    • Totem is an animal or object considered a clan's ancestor or a person's personal guardian spirit.
    • Taboo is a forbidden thing (action, association), often connected with prohibition on certain foods, objects, or interaction with other people (in the case of religion).

    Taboo - Examples

    • The restriction on eating certain foods in various religions like Hinduism.
    • Social prohibitions of interactions based on caste within Hinduism for example.

    Religion and the State

    • Relationships between religious ideas and governmental structures.
    • Examples include theocracy, divine kingship, dual states, secular states, and atheist states.

    Fundamentalism vs. Modernism

    • Fundamentalism: Religious scriptures literally interpreted.
    • Modernism: Religious interpretations can change over time.

    Eastern Religions

    • Hinduism: Belief in reincarnation and karma.
    • Buddhism: Goal is to end the cycle of reincarnation via Nirvana.
    • China: Taoism & Confucianism are covered with specific characteristics and/or religious texts for each.
    • Japan: Zen Buddhism and Shintoism are covered, with specific characteristics and/or religious texts for each.
    • Theosophical Society: Attempted to merge Eastern and Western philosophies.

    Islam

    • Five pillars of Islam, are covered with specific characteristics including Shahada, Salah, Zakat, Sawm, and Hajj

    Succession of Leadership in Islam

    • Sunni: Believe caliphs should lead.
    • Shi'ite: Believe Imams or Ayatollahs should lead, descendants of Ali (Muhammad's cousin).

    Wahabbi

    • The official religion of Saudi Arabia rooted in Sunni fundamentals.

    People of the Book

    • Term in Quranic tradition that refers to Jews and Christians.
    • Recognition in Islam of the prophets in both traditions.

    Sufis

    • Mystical tradition.
    • Personal experiences with God via practices like meditation and devotion.

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    Altered States of Consciousness PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on altered states of consciousness including various brainwave states, types of altered states, and the structures of the brain involved. Explore fascinating concepts like hypnosis, REM dreaming, and the roles of the left and right hemispheres. This quiz will challenge your understanding of the mind's complex states.

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