Altered States of Consciousness Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is one belief held by serpent handlers in the Holiness-Pentecostal church?

  • They believe faith can lead to salvation. (correct)
  • Snakes are considered sacred animals.
  • Handling snakes is purely symbolic.
  • They seek to commune with ancient spirits.

What is the main role of a shaman according to traditional beliefs?

  • To lead the community in rituals.
  • To act as a political leader.
  • To diagnose and heal illnesses. (correct)
  • To maintain agricultural practices.

What event is associated with the Zapatista Revolt in Chiapas, Mexico?

  • An uprising against colonial powers in 1944. (correct)
  • The founding of a new political party.
  • A religious pilgrimage to ancient sites.
  • A rural development initiative.

What concept does Eliade relate to the shaman's experience?

<p>The archaic techniques of ecstasy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group was known for their confrontational approach during Christ's time?

<p>Zealots of Masada (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the World Tree in shamanistic beliefs?

<p>A tree connecting the realms of existence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the beliefs of the serpent handlers?

<p>They emphasize faith as a means of physical safety. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who introduced Western audiences to shamanism through his writings?

<p>Carlos Castaneda (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the pole in the Sun dance ritual?

<p>It symbolizes the world tree. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led to the naming of Devil's Tower?

<p>Missionaries misunderstood its significance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the mobility hypothesis suggest societies become patriarchal?

<p>By disputes over property inheritance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of the Malleus Maleficarum?

<p>To warn about the dangers of witchcraft. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event initiated the Salem witch hunts?

<p>Tituba teaching local girls root charms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who founded Wicca in the 1940s?

<p>Gerald Gardner. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the pentagram symbolize in Wicca?

<p>The five elements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are rituals primarily used for?

<p>To achieve specific ends. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of state separates religion and government yet acknowledges them as equal?

<p>Dual state (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Eastern religion focuses on ending the cycle of reincarnation through attaining nirvana?

<p>Buddhism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement aimed to establish a Catholic monarchy governed by the pope?

<p>Sacred Heart movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which clause in the U.S. Constitution prohibits the establishment of an official church?

<p>Establishment clause (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the commitment in Islam that includes declaring faith and performing prayers?

<p>Shahada (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophy in China emphasizes moral aspects like social harmony and filial piety?

<p>Confucianism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of modernism suggests that religious scriptures should not be taken literally?

<p>Faith accommodate changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents an atheist state where religion is forbidden?

<p>China (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is regarded as the founder of the Ras Tafari movement?

<p>Marcus Garvey (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sacred text of the Ras Tafari movement?

<p>The Holy Piny (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What belief is central to the Rastafarian view of Haile Selassie I?

<p>He is the African Messiah. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key ritual practiced in the Ras Tafari movement?

<p>Reasoning with ganja/hemp. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In revitalization movements, what stage follows increased individual/social stress?

<p>Cultural distortion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What practice was central to the Ghost Dance movement?

<p>Circle dances and chanting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement is categorized as having both religious and secular characteristics?

<p>Revitalization movements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of revitalization movements, what does the term 'nativist' refer to?

<p>Emphasis on local cultural traditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brainwave state is associated with deep sleep and unconsciousness?

<p>Delta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What state is characterized by experiencing hallucinations as a result of drug use?

<p>Hallucinogenic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is referred to as the 'seat of consciousness'?

<p>Reticular Formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the original proponent of the term 'animal magnetism' that eventually led to hypnosis?

<p>Franz Anton Mesmer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What device did Dr. Michael Persinger develop to evoke altered states of consciousness?

<p>The God Helmet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug is Ayahuasca typically considered?

<p>Hallucinogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was a student of Jean-Martin Charcot and later developed theories related to the subconscious?

<p>Sigmund Freud (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following brain hemispheres is primarily associated with logical and analytical thinking?

<p>Left hemisphere (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership structure do Sunni Muslims support?

<p>Caliphs as heads of state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group rejects fundamentalism and seeks personal experiences with God?

<p>Sufis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary belief of extropians in relation to technology?

<p>It is opposed to the concept of entropy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which religious group was founded by Rael and connects with UFOs and cloning?

<p>Raelians (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the founder of the Church of Scientology?

<p>L. Ron Hubbard (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of Christian nationalism?

<p>Belief in the U.S. as a Christian nation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Omega point refer to in Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's ideology?

<p>A collective global consciousness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does manifest destiny signify in U.S. history?

<p>The belief that God favored westward expansion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Beta Brainwaves

The brainwave state associated with waking consciousness, alertness, and focused attention.

Alpha Brainwaves

The brainwave state associated with a relaxed, wakeful state, daydreaming, and light meditation.

Theta Brainwaves

The brainwave state associated with REM sleep, deep meditation, and deep trance states.

Delta Brainwaves

The brainwave state associated with deep sleep, unconsciousness, and minimal brain activity.

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Hypnagogic State

The drowsy, transitional state between wakefulness and sleep, often characterized by vivid imagery and hallucinations.

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Hallucinogenic State

An altered state of consciousness induced by psychedelic drugs, characterized by perceptual distortions, sensory experiences, and altered thinking.

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Spirit Possession

An altered state of consciousness in which a person believes they are controlled by a spirit or supernatural entity, leading to a loss of identity and control.

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Hypnotic Trance

An altered state of consciousness induced by hypnosis, characterized by heightened suggestibility, relaxation, and focused attention.

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Revitalization Movement

A deliberate, organized effort by a society to create a more satisfying culture, often in response to outside influences.

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Nativist Revitalization Movement

A type of revitalization movement that emphasizes returning to traditional practices and values, often in response to colonial influence.

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Millenarian Revitalization Movement

A type of revitalization movement that predicts a future utopia or dramatic change, often involving religious beliefs.

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Messianic Revitalization Movement

A type of revitalization movement that centers on a charismatic leader who is believed to be a savior or prophet.

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Stages of Revitalization Movement

Revitalization movements typically evolve through stages: steady state, increased stress, cultural distortion, revitalization period, new steady state.

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Ghost Dance

A Native American revitalization movement focused on a ritual dance believed to revive the buffalo and ancestors, leading to a return to traditional ways.

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Cargo Cults

A type of revitalization movement that emerged in Melanesia, often involving a belief that ancestral spirits will bring wealth and prosperity.

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Ras Tafari

An Afro-Caribbean religious movement centered on the belief that Haile Selassie I was the African Messiah, with roots in Jamaica.

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Serpent Handlers

A group of individuals, primarily associated with Holiness-Pentecostal churches in the Southern US, who engage in the dangerous practice of handling venomous snakes and consuming strychnine as a demonstration of faith.

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Zapatista Revolt

An indigenous uprising that occurred in Chiapas, Mexico in 1944, often viewed as a revival of Mayan cultural identity, potentially rooted in earlier movements like the Caste War of Yucatan and the War of the Talking Crosses.

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Zealots of Masada

A Jewish sect during the time of Jesus who believed in violent resistance against Roman occupation, exemplified by their fierce stand at the fortress of Masada.

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Essenes

A Jewish sect during the time of Jesus who sought to purify Judaism and withdraw from corruption by establishing their own communities and practices.

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Shaman

A spiritual leader or practitioner who is believed to have the ability to communicate with the spirit world, often acting as a healer, diviner, judge, prophet, and medium.

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World Tree

A cosmic symbol that represents the connection between the three worlds: the underworld, the middle realm, and the celestial realm, allowing shamans to travel through them during spirit flights.

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Carlos Castaneda

An anthropologist and author known for his books about shamanism, claiming to have been initiated into the Yaqui way of knowledge by Don Juan Matus.

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Don Juan Matus

A Yaqui sorcerer who, according to Carlos Castaneda, initiated him into the secrets of shamanism and the Yaqui way of knowledge.

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Succession of Leadership (Sunni)

Sunni Muslims believe the caliphs, who are chosen successors to Muhammad, should lead the Islamic community.

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Succession of Leadership (Shi'ite)

Shi'ite Muslims believe that only imams, descendants of Ali (Muhammad's cousin/son-in-law), should be leaders.

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Techgnosis

The belief that knowledge (gnosis) is acquired through technology and progress.

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Extropian

A techgnostic belief system that focuses on the use of technology to overcome entropy and achieve infinite progress.

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Raelians

Raelites believe in UFO-based religion and that human cloning is the path to immortality.

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Scientology

A techgnostic religion that uses an e-meter to monitor spiritual progress.

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Christian Nationalism

The belief that the United States was founded as a Christian nation and should be governed according to biblical principles.

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Manifest Destiny

The belief that the US was divinely chosen to expand across the North American continent.

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Mobility Hypothesis

A theory explaining the rise of witchcraft accusations. As societies settled, property ownership increased, leading to inheritance disputes. This resulted in patriarchal structures and views of women as threats to the inheritance process, fueling witchcraft accusations.

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Malleus Maleficarum

A book from the 15th century, written by two Dominicans, that fueled the persecution of women accused of witchcraft. It claimed that witches had sexual relationships with the devil and identified 'marks' that could be used to distinguish them.

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Salem Witch Hunts

A period of intense paranoia and accusations of witchcraft in 17th century Massachusetts. It began with a group of young girls exhibiting strange behavior and blaming it on witchcraft. The accusations escalated rapidly, leading to the imprisonment and execution of many innocent people.

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Wicca

A modern pagan religion founded in the 1940s by Gerald Gardner. It emphasizes reverence for nature, feminism, and a dualistic god/goddess system. Wiccans practice rituals and magic, often within covens or groves.

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Evil Eye

A belief in a gaze or power, typically attributed to witches, that can cause misfortune, curses, or hexes. It carries a strong element of superstition and fear.

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Ritual

A specific sequence of actions, often determined by cultural traditions and cyclical events, intended to achieve certain desired outcomes. They often involve repetition based on symbolic numbers and separate sacred time from everyday life.

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Sun Dance

A ritualistic dance practiced by Native Americans around the summer solstice. It involves four days of dancing around a pole representing the world tree, culminating in a trance state.

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Devil's Tower

A mountain in Wyoming that holds cultural and historical significance for Native Americans, believed to be a sacred site for rituals. It was named by Christian missionaries who interpreted it as a site of evil.

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Dual state

A system where religion and the state are separate but considered equal, with each having its own sphere of influence.

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Secular state

A system where religion and the state are entirely separate, with no official religion and freedom of belief.

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Atheist state

A system where religion is forbidden or actively suppressed by the state, promoting atheism.

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Fundamentalism

A religious approach that emphasizes strict adherence to traditional teachings and interpretations of scripture.

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Modernism (in religion)

A religious approach that embraces modern ideas and challenges traditional interpretations of scripture, allowing for evolution and change.

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Establishment Clause

A clause in the First Amendment of the US Constitution preventing the government from establishing an official religion.

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Free Exercise Clause

A clause in the First Amendment of the US Constitution protecting the right to freely exercise religious practices.

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Scopes Monkey Trial

A landmark court case in the 1920s where a teacher was accused of teaching evolution in a public school, highlighting the controversy between religion and science.

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Study Notes

Altered States of Consciousness

  • Brainwave states categorized as beta (waking, conscious), alpha (daydreaming, light trance), theta (REM dreaming, deep trance), and delta (deep sleep, unconscious).
  • A reminder of the order is BAT-D.
  • Hypnagogic state is the transition between sleep and wake.
  • Hallucinogenic states are psychedelic, drug-induced states.
  • A reminder: "Hallucinate".
  • Spirit possession involves feelings of disassociation.
  • Hypnotic trance involves hypnosis, trance, or mesmerism.
  • Lucid dreaming can occur during REM sleep.

Brain Structures

  • The left hemisphere is logical, analytic, and uses linear, sequential time experience.
  • The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body.
  • The right hemisphere is intuitive, emotional, and holistic, utilizing spatial time experience.
  • The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body and is connected to altered states of consciousness (ASC).

Other topics

  • The pineal gland releases melatonin, and is often called "the 3rd eye."
  • The reticular formation, located at the top of the spine, controls sleep and wakefulness and is known as the seat of consciousness.
  • Temporal lobes, located above the ears, respond to stimulation with visions and feelings of sensed presence/ASC.
  • Hypnosis is a trance state.
  • Mesmerism used to be a practiced technique for healing through manipulating animal magnetism; a fluid in the body.
  • Hypnotism is a technique developed, not by Mesmer, but by Charcot.
  • The God Helmet stimulates the temporal lobes with magnetic fields, creating altered states of consciousness (ASC), and feelings of divinity.
  • Doors of Perception, a book by Aldous Huxley, explores experiences with mescaline (a hallucinogen).
  • Entheogens are plants used in religious rituals, believed to contain divine energy. 
  • Examples include Ayahuasca (2 plants, used by Amazonian shamans), Peyote (a cactus with mescaline, used by Native American churches), Ergot (a fungus causing visions like St. Anthony's fire).
  • Syncretism is combining two different religions, often impacting the indigenous group.
  • Spiritualism emerged from table rappings by Fox sisters; belief in a progressive afterlife/contact with spirits.
  • Spirit possession; widespread practices and theories include: Emic theory (actual spirits involved), Theatrical theory (performance), Dissociation theory (temporary ego displacement).
  • Afro-christian religions: Vodun, and Santeria, and Candomble.
  • Revitalization movements are deliberate attempts to create more satisfying cultures, commonly from colonial responses; can be secular or religious and examples include the Ghost Dance and Cargo Cults.
  • Revitalization Movement characteristics; Nativist and nationalist, Millenarian and apocalyptic, Messianic, Prophetic, Syncretistic, Reactionary or traditionalist, Anti-colonial, Non-progressive.
  • Spirit possession, rituals, widespread practices and beliefs.
  • Serpent handlers: Holiness-Pentecostal practitioners; handle poisonous snakes and drink strychnine as a demonstration of their faith.
  • Zapatista Revolt: an uprising in Mexico (1994), seen as possibly a secular Mayan revitalization movement.
  • Christian religions: Hellenistic influences, Zealots of Masada (confrontation/guerilla warfare), Essenes (withdraw and rebuild).
  • Shamanism: masters of spirits with roles as diviners, healers, judges, prophets, and mediums. Techniques include the use of ecstasy. World tree (Axis Mundi) connects three worlds (Underworld, Middle Realm, Celestial Realm).
  • Witchcraft: Evil eye, mobility concerns influencing societal structure (patriarchy/patrilineal, inheritance, etc.)
  • Malleus Maleficarum: Dominican book leading to witch trials. Focused on intercourse with the devil and identification marks.
  • The Salem Witch Hunt, Tituba, root charms that led to mass hysteria.
  • Other Wicca beliefs such as the relationship between ecology, feminism, gods/goddesses duo, practices of belonging to a coven, grove, or practices as a solo practitioners, and other misunderstandings of concepts associated with Wiccan practices.
  • Rituals as fixed sequences that obtain specific ends.
  • Ritual types including temporal, spatial, and body rituals, and more associated beliefs.
  • Liminality in rituals, and the idea of social in-betweenness.
  • Solstices and equinoxes define the four seasons and are marked by various rituals worldwide.
  • Mayan calendars: The Halve (similar to modern calendar), The Solcan (a 265-day sacred calendar).
  • Pilgrimage as a journey to sacred sites of devotion.
  • Omphalos is a sacred stone symbolizing the center of the world.
  • Pilgrimage sites such as Santiago de Compostela (finding of St. James's bones). Al-Aqsa. Glastonbury, and others. 
  • Totem and taboo; meaning ancestor or a person's tribe. 
  • Totemism; clan animal as the legendary ancestor.
  • Taboos; forbidden actions, associations.
  • Hinduism’s caste system and rules of interaction. Decalogue or Noahide laws.

Religion & the State

  • Theocracy; Religion = Law, Divine kingship, Dual state, Secular state, Atheist state.
  • Religious writings, fundamentalism vs. modernism, the First Amendment's clauses of establishment and free exercise.

Eastern Religions

  • Hinduism (karma, dharma, reincarnation).
  • Buddhism (cycle of reincarnation, nirvana).
  • Taoism (no deity, harmony with nature). 
  • Confucianism (social harmony, filial piety).
  • Zen Buddhism (focused on learning through paradox).
  • Shinto (indigenous religion).
  • Theosophical Society; Theosophical society attempted to merge Eastern and Western philosophies.
  • I-Ching; is a Chinese oracle used for divination.

Islam

  • Five pillars of Islam: Shahada, Salah, Sawm, Zakat, Hajj.
  • Succession of leadership; roles of caliphs and imams.
  • Wahabbi (religion of Saudi Arabia, Sunni fundamentalists). 
  • Seven prophets (6th Jesus 7th Muhammad).
  • People of the book (Jews and Christians).
  • Sufism (a mystical tradition seeking personal experiences).

Techgnosis

  • Techgnosis; seeking of knowledge through technology.
  • Extropians; are transhumanists that believe in technology to reverse entropy and progress.
  • Raelians; have beliefs connected with UFOs.
  • Church of Scientology involves monitoring spiritual progress and the use of e-meters.

Miscellaneous

  • Scopes Monkey Trial; about teaching Darwinian evolution.
  • Sacred Heart Movement; Catholic monarchy/theocracy.
  • Christian Nationalism (U.S. founded as a Christian nation).
  • Manifest Destiny (God's choice of U.S.).
  • Singularity (AI’s sentience).
  • Clash of Civilizations (Islam vs. Western civilizations).

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Description

Explore the various altered states of consciousness, including brainwave patterns, hypnagogic states, and the differences between left and right brain functions. This quiz also covers the impact of brain structures on consciousness, and concepts like lucid dreaming and spirit possession. Test your knowledge of these intriguing psychological phenomena!

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