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Questions and Answers
What is one of the primary adverse effects of Benadryl (Diphenhydramine)?
What is one of the primary adverse effects of Benadryl (Diphenhydramine)?
What are the immediate treatments for anaphylaxis?
What are the immediate treatments for anaphylaxis?
Which stage represents the permanent mutation of a gene by a carcinogen without causing cancer?
Which stage represents the permanent mutation of a gene by a carcinogen without causing cancer?
What is the role of IgE in the immune response?
What is the role of IgE in the immune response?
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Which condition is characterized by the production of secondary tumors at distant sites?
Which condition is characterized by the production of secondary tumors at distant sites?
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Which of the following is NOT a goal of therapy for cancer?
Which of the following is NOT a goal of therapy for cancer?
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Which warning signal of cancer is represented by an 'A' in the acronym CAUTION?
Which warning signal of cancer is represented by an 'A' in the acronym CAUTION?
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What describes prophylactic surgery in cancer prevention?
What describes prophylactic surgery in cancer prevention?
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Which of the following is a possible complication after stem cell transplant?
Which of the following is a possible complication after stem cell transplant?
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What is a common side effect of chemotherapy?
What is a common side effect of chemotherapy?
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What primary function is monitored during chemotherapy treatment?
What primary function is monitored during chemotherapy treatment?
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Which symptom is characterized by a nagging cough according to the caution signals for cancer?
Which symptom is characterized by a nagging cough according to the caution signals for cancer?
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Which of the following would likely be monitored in a patient showing signs of anemia?
Which of the following would likely be monitored in a patient showing signs of anemia?
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Study Notes
Allergies
- Signs and Symptoms: Itching, hives, watery eyes
- Causes: Environmental factors
-
Medications:
- Antihistamines: Benadryl (Diphenhydramine) - can cause drowsiness, dry mouth, and palpitations
- Epinephrine (Epi-Pen): Administered intramuscularly, maintain airway, intubate if necessary
-
Diagnosis:
- Complete Blood Count (CBC): Assess eosinophils (a type of white blood cell) and total serum IgE (immunoglobulin E) levels
-
Treatment:
- Oxygen
- Epinephrine
- Antihistamines (Benadryl)
- Corticosteroids
Anaphylaxis
- Onset: Sudden, within minutes to hours
-
Signs and Symptoms:
- Flushing
- Hives
- Angioedema (swelling under the skin)
- Hypotension (low blood pressure)
- Bronchoconstriction (wheezing and stridor)
-
Prevention:
- Standard: Subcutaneous or intramuscular epinephrine
- Rebound Anaphylaxis: Can occur 4-8 hours after the initial reaction
- Universal Blood Donors: Blood type O-negative
- Universal Blood Recipients: Blood type AB-positive
- Immunoglobulin E (IgE): Antibody involved in allergic reactions
- Antigens: Foreign substances that trigger an immune response
Oncology
- Benign Tumors: Non-cancerous cells
- Malignant Tumors: Cancerous cells
-
Cancer Stages:
- Stage 1: Carcinogen damages DNA, causing a permanent mutation, but not cancer
- Stage 2: Carcinogen exposure leads to reversible or irreversible changes
- Stage 3: Invasion - Cancer cells divide, invade surrounding structures, and spread locally
- Metastasis: The spread of cancer cells to distant sites
- Breast Cancer: Increased age is a primary risk factor for both women and men.
-
Breast Cancer Prevention:
- Primary Prevention: Education, diet, healthy lifestyle, no smoking
- Secondary Prevention: PSA (prostate-specific antigen) test, self-breast exams, mammograms, Pap smears
- Tertiary Prevention: Education after diagnosis
-
Caution: Seven Warning Signals of Cancer (CAUTION)
- C: Change in bowel or bladder habits
- A: A sore that does not heal
- U: Unusual bleeding or discharge
- T: Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere
- I: Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
- O: Obvious change in a wart or mole
- N: Nagging cough or hoarseness
-
Goals of Cancer Therapy:
- Cure: Eliminate cancer cells
- Control: Contain cancer growth without complete elimination
- Palliation: Comfort, symptom relief, and quality of life improvement
- Prophylactic Surgery: Removal of non-vital tissues or organs likely to develop cancer
- Emotional Support: Crucial aspect of cancer care
-
Radiation Therapy Side Effects:
- Xerostomia (dry mouth)
- Myelosuppression (suppression of bone marrow function)
-
Chemotherapy Side Effects:
- Teratogenic (harmful to fetal development)
- Myelosuppression
- Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea (N/V/D), and Anorexia (loss of appetite)
- Mucositis (inflammation of the mucous membranes)
- Cognitive impairment
- Monitor for signs of infection, especially in neutropenic patients (low white blood cell count)
-
Stem Cell Transplant:
- Engraftment (new blood cells produced by transplanted stem cells) can take up to 5 weeks
- Infection prevention is crucial: hand washing, no plants or flowers, no raw meat
-
Post-Transplant Complications:
- Pancytopenia (decrease in all blood cells)
- Mucositis
- Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD): Donor T cells attack recipient tissues
- Anemia:
- Decreased hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct) levels
- Monitor for signs and symptoms, including bleeding
- Assess for signs of anemia and teach patients to report any changes
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of allergies and anaphylaxis, including their signs, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options. Test your knowledge on medications like antihistamines and epinephrine, as well as preventive measures for anaphylaxis.
