الحكم المحلي والسياق التاريخي
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Questions and Answers

يمكن لعالم الاجتماع أن يكون منحازا لأحد المواقف السياسية.

True

الحكامة المحلية لا تتعلق بالطبيعة السياسية.

False

التساؤل عن طبيعة الموضوع يمنح رؤية أوضح لفهم الحكم المحلي.

True

تعتبر الحكامة المحلية موضوعا بعيدا عن المواقف الاجتماعية.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

يتطلب فهم الحكامة المحلية الانحياز لأحد وجهات النظر.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

علم الاجتماع في وضعه الجديد يساهم في تصرف أعضاء المجتمع كفاعلين.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

تورين يعتبر أن المجتمع يجب أن يحتفظ بأيديولوجياته ونظامه.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

تورين يكتب كتاب بعنوان 'دفاعا عن السوسيولوجيا'.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

الفكر السوسيولوجي لا يساهم في تغيير المجتمع وفقًا لتورين.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

يؤكد تورين على أهمية اللغة في النظام الاجتماعي.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

عند الحديث عن اقتصاد السوق، يُعتبر العرض والطلب عاملين غير مرتبطين.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

عقود ما بعد الحرب شهدت نموًا متوازنًا ومعممًا.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

مفهوم الدولة الرعاية يرتبط فقط بفترة الحرب.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

الكل يستفيد من النمو الاقتصادي في سياق اقتصاد السوق.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

تمظهرات المقاربة الاقتصادية كان لها تأثيرات ملموسة على الواقع بعد الحرب.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

إجراء التقييم النهائي لمراكز الإنتاج الوطني يتم من خلال الأسواق المالية المنظمة.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

تُعتبر الشبكة المالية العالمية غير منظمة.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

الأسواق المالية العالمية تُستخدم فقط لتداول الأسهم.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

تغيرات العولمة تشير إلى التوسع في الدولة والمجتمع دون الاقتصاد.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

هابرماس يعتقد أن العولمة تؤثر على العلاقات التاريخية بين الدولة والمجتمع.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

الأماكن الإنتاجية الوطنية لا تتأثر بالأسواق المالية العالمية.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

التقييم النهائي لمراكز الإنتاج يُجرى على مستوى محلي فقط.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

تحدث التغيرات العولمية داخل حدود وطنية مختلفة.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

الدولة والمجتمع والاقتصاد كانوا يتوسعون معاً في السابق.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

هابرماس يعتبر العولمة شبحاً لا يؤثر على الواقع.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

نتيجة لعولمة الأسواق، يتحول النظام الاقتصادي الدولي إلى اقتصاد متعدد الجنسيات.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

التجارة الخارجية لا تتأثر بالعولمة.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

العولمة تسهم في تسريع حركة الرساميل في جميع أنحاء العالم.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

تتمثل العولمة في تعزيز الحدود بين الدول في التجارة.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

يقوم النظام الاقتصادي الدولي برسم الحدود بين التجارة الداخلية والخارجية.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Local Governance

  • Local governance is a complex subject with various interpretations depending on the context.
  • It involves the interplay of state and society.
  • Decentralization is a key aspect, involving the transfer of some state responsibilities to local entities.
  • The concept gained prominence in the 1970s due to various global economic and political crises.
  • The role of the state changed in response to these crises.

Historical Context of Local Governance

  • The 1929 economic crisis and subsequent developments impacted the global economic system.
  • The idea of a self-regulating market (invisible hand) proposed by Adam Smith was challenged by Keynes's emphasis on state intervention.
  • Post-World War II, the concept of the welfare state gained prominence.
  • The 1970s crisis, including the two oil crises, further shifted perspectives on state involvement in the economy.
  • Privatization and a focus on local action became prominent.
  • The debate about the role of the state in solving problems emerged.
  • The idea of a "new world order" with less state involvement was introduced. The role of global markets and multinational corporations became increasingly significant, potentially challenging state sovereignty.
  • Hafermas highlighted how globalized markets undermine traditional state functions.
  • The relationship between state, economy, and society underwent critical revisions.

Theoretical Perspectives on Local Governance

  • Max Weber’s focus on understanding social systems' functioning was noted.
  • Alain Touraine emphasized the role of sociology in empowering communities and promoting social change.
  • Criticism of Touraine's views included his approach towards traditional theorists like Foucault and Bourdieu.
  • Touraine asserted that academics should actively contribute to societal progression.

Neoliberal Paradigm and Global Governance

  • Neoliberal tenets often prioritize profit maximization, unfettered competition, globalization of trade, and the marginalization of local cultures.
  • Global institutions like the World Trade Organization and the World Bank are central to this new paradigm.
  • These institutions wield influence exceeding their state-level structures and mandates.
  • The notion of "global governance without a state" has gained notice.
  • The EU and the USA are major players in these institutions. However, non-transparent, powerful committees play crucial roles in defining policies at these institutions.
  • Decisions and policies are heavily influenced by multinational corporations.
  • The concept of "national treatment" in international trade erodes state sovereignty.

Critique of Global Governance

  • Critics argue that globalized markets weaken state regulatory capabilities and restrict democratic processes.
  • The erosion of national fiscal autonomy and economic control is a common concern.
  • International financial institutions exert decisive influence on national economic policies.
  • There are significant social costs stemming from the limitations of state interventions, including rising unemployment and widening inequality.

Latin America Cases (especially Brazil)

  • Some countries attempted to implement more equitable economic and social models.
  • However, these actions were often subverted or challenged, often owing to institutional pressure and global market dynamics.
  • Notable examples of these include the actions of some states (like Brazil) which led to a significant change in policy and management decisions.

Local Governance and the Rise of Non-Government Organizations (NGOs)

  • NGOs play a significant role in implementing socio-economic programs.
  • These institutions can act as agents of influence on state decisions and policies.

Local Governance, Participation, and Democracy

  • Local governments are crucial spaces for democratization and citizen engagement in policymaking.
  • The concept of participatory budgeting, as practiced in Porto Alegre, Brazil, is frequently discussed as a positive example. Citizen participation in local decision-making processes are crucial for local governance.
  • Consultation versus participation and the idea of "community empowerment" should also be considered.

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يستعرض هذا الاختبار مفهوم الحكم المحلي وتأثير السياقات الاقتصادية والسياسية على تطوره. يتناول التحولات الكبرى في دور الدولة منذ الأزمة الاقتصادية في عام 1929. كما يناقش دور الخصخصة والعمل المحلي في سياق الأزمات التي حدثت في السبعينات.

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