Algorithms Overview and Techniques
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between an infographic and data visualization?

  • Infographic is dynamic and data-focused.
  • Data visualization is static and storytelling focused.
  • Data visualization is focused on storytelling.
  • Infographic is static and storytelling focused. (correct)

A pixel is the largest unit of measurement in a digital image.

False (B)

What does the value of each prefix stand for in order of kilo, mega, giga, and tera?

Kilo = 10³, Mega = 10⁶, Giga = 10⁹, Tera = 10¹²

A byte is made up of __ bits.

<p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following image formats with their characteristics:

<p>JPG = Best for photos, lossy compression GIF = Supports animation, limited colors PNG = Supports transparency, lossless compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about ASCII and Unicode is true?

<p>Unicode was developed because ASCII is too limited for global languages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lossy compression retains all the data from the original file.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sampling in the context of digital audio?

<p>Digitizing continuous signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which data types are used in App Inventor?

<p>Numbers, text, Boolean, objects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An algorithm must be 100% efficient to be useful.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major downside of using a binary search?

<p>Requires sorted data</p> Signup and view all the answers

A collection of items stored in a specific order is known as a __________.

<p>list</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following search algorithms with their worst-case scenario comparisons for a dataset of 9 numbers:

<p>Linear Search = 9 comparisons Binary Search = 4 comparisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an undesirable classification in Big O notation?

<p>O(n²) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quicksort works by organizing data according to a pivot.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Briefly describe what multimedia is.

<p>Combining different forms of media (text, audio, video)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the benefits of automation?

<p>Increased efficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of big data as described?

<p>Extremely large datasets requiring advanced tools for storage and analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is erased when power is turned off?

<p>RAM (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Automation systems are capable of making decisions based on AI and sensors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The operating system is a type of application software.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the three tenets of autonomous systems.

<p>Sensing, decision-making, acting independently</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eric Schmidt stated that more data is generated each day than the total data created before 1995.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of structured data.

<p>Spreadsheets or SQL databases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main parts of the CPU?

<p>Control Unit and ALU</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of autonomous vehicles can lead to reduced accidents and increased _____.

<p>mobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

High-level programming languages are designed to be ______.

<p>user-friendly</p> Signup and view all the answers

When data is intentionally provided by users, it is referred to as ______ data.

<p>explicit</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the levels of automation for autonomous vehicles with their descriptions:

<p>Level 1 = Driver assistance (e.g., adaptive cruise control) Level 3 = Car controls under certain conditions Level 4 = Fully autonomous in specific areas Level 5 = No human involvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each type of software with its description:

<p>Operating System = Manages hardware and software resources Utility Programs = Performs maintenance tasks Application Software = Allows users to perform specific tasks Firmware = Software programmed into hardware</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following data types with their respective examples:

<p>Structured = SQL databases Unstructured = Social media posts Explicit = Survey responses Implicit = Browsing history</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential downside of automation?

<p>Job displacement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one value of big data for consumers?

<p>Personalized services like Netflix recommendations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of low-level programming language?

<p>Assembly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Job creation in tech sectors is a negative economic impact of switching to autonomous vehicles.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define artificial intelligence.

<p>Simulation of human intelligence by machines to perform tasks like reasoning, learning, and decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Automation systems require constant human interaction.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The old standard of databases works equally well for structured and unstructured data.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the 3 Vs of big data.

<p>Volume, Velocity, Variety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two categories of software.

<p>System software and application software</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an embedded system?

<p>IoT device (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Primary memory is permanent storage that retains data even when the computer is turned off.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between RAM and SSD?

<p>RAM is temporary and fast, while SSD is permanent and slower.</p> Signup and view all the answers

There are ____ bits in a byte.

<p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following prefixes with their corresponding powers of ten:

<p>Kilo = 10³ Mega = 10⁶ Giga = 10⁹ Tera = 10¹²</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a computer is responsible for processing data?

<p>Processor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

ASCII is capable of encoding more than 128 characters.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The four functions a computer must perform are input, process, store, and ____.

<p>output</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is an algorithm?

A step-by-step procedure to solve a problem. Think of it like a recipe.

What is a list?

A collection of items stored in a specific order. Like a grocery list or a to-do list.

When do you use a for loop?

Use this loop when you know exactly how many times you need to repeat a task.

When do you use a while loop?

Use this loop when you don't know how many times you'll need to repeat a task, but you have a condition to check.

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What is Big O Notation?

It's a way to measure how quickly an algorithm runs. Imagine it as a measure of how long it takes to finish a task.

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What is sorting?

Organizes data in order. Think of it like alphabetizing a list of names.

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What is a linear search?

It's a simple search that checks each item one by one until it finds what it's looking for.

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What is a binary search?

It divides the data in half repeatedly, making it faster to find what you're looking for. Imagine searching for a word in a dictionary.

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Personal Computer

A personal computer typically refers to a desktop or laptop computer, used by individuals for tasks like browsing the internet, playing games, or creating documents.

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Mobile Device

Mobile devices are small, portable computers designed for communication and entertainment, like smartphones and tablets.

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Server

Servers are powerful computers that store and provide resources to multiple users or devices on a network.

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Embedded System

Embedded systems are specialized computers integrated into other devices to perform specific functions, like the controlling system in your car or a smart thermostat.

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Hardware

The physical components of a computer, like the motherboard, processor, and memory.

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Software

The instructions and programs that tell a computer what to do, like operating systems and applications.

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Primary Memory

RAM, or Random Access Memory, is volatile memory, where the computer stores data it's actively using. It loses data when the computer is turned off.

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Secondary Memory

Storage devices like SSDs and HDDs store data permanently even when the computer is turned off. Data is accessed more slowly.

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What is a byte?

A collection of 8 bits. Think of it as a small group of on/off switches that can represent a larger range of information.

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What is ASCII?

A system for encoding characters using a set of numbers. It uses 7 bits to represent each character, allowing for 128 unique characters.

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What is Unicode?

A universal character encoding standard that supports a vast range of characters from different languages, including emojis. It expands on ASCII and uses more bits for representation.

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What is a pixel?

The smallest unit on a display screen, often referred to as a picture element. It's a single point of color on the screen.

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What is lossy compression?

A type of image compression that removes some data to reduce file size, resulting in some loss of quality. Examples include JPG for photos.

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What is lossless compression?

A type of image compression that preserves all the data, making the file slightly larger but ensuring no loss of quality. PNG format is an example.

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What is sampling?

The process of converting continuous signals (like sound or light) into discrete digital values. Each sample is like a snapshot taken at a specific point in time.

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Volatile Memory

Memory that loses its data when the power is turned off.

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Non-Volatile Memory

Memory that retains data even when the power is turned off.

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CPU (Central Processing Unit)

The brain of the computer, responsible for executing instructions.

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Control Unit

The part of the CPU that handles the data flow and controls how instructions are executed.

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ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

The part of the CPU that performs arithmetic and logical operations on data.

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System Software

Software that manages the computer's hardware and provides a platform for other software to run.

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Application Software

Software designed for a specific task, like word processing or playing games.

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What is big data?

Extremely large datasets that require advanced tools for storage, processing, and analysis due to their volume, velocity, and variety.

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Who is Eric Schmidt?

Former Google CEO who highlighted the rapid growth of data by stating that we generate more data daily than the total data created before 2003.

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What is structured data?

Organized and structured data that can be easily stored and analyzed. Think spreadsheets and databases.

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What is unstructured data?

Unorganized and unstructured data that doesn't follow a specific format. Think social media posts, images, and videos.

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What is explicit data?

Data that is intentionally provided, such as survey responses or feedback forms.

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What is implicit data?

Data that is passively collected without you knowing, such as your browsing history or location data.

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How is big data valuable to companies?

Provides insights for companies to make better decisions, like targeted ads or developing new products.

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How is big data valuable to consumers?

Allows consumers to get personalized experiences like tailored recommendations for movies or products.

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Difference between automation and autonomous systems

Automation follows pre-set rules and instructions, while autonomous systems can make decisions using artificial intelligence and sensors.

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Workforce impact of automation

Upskilling programs, job transition support, and the development of entirely new industries are crucial for helping those affected by automation and autonomous systems.

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Tenets of autonomous systems

Autonomous systems are characterized by three main aspects: sensing their surroundings, making decisions based on that information, and acting independently.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence in machines, enabling them to perform tasks like problem-solving, learning, and decision-making.

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Hardware components for autonomous vehicles

Autonomous vehicles utilize sensors such as LIDAR, cameras, and radar, along with GPS, processors, actuators, and communication systems to perceive and navigate their surroundings.

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Levels of automation for autonomous vehicles

Autonomous vehicles are categorized into five levels based on the extent of automation from level 1, where the driver is primarily in control, to level 5, where the car is fully autonomous.

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Benefits of autonomous vehicles

Switching to autonomous vehicles promises benefits such as reducing accidents, increasing mobility, lessening congestion, and improving fuel efficiency.

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Economic impact of autonomous vehicles

While automation is a potential driver of economic growth with job creation in tech sectors, it also presents concerns about job losses in traditional industries and the high initial cost of implementation.

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Study Notes

ALGORITHMS

  • An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem
  • Algorithms don't need to be 100% efficient to be useful
  • Examples include recipes or computer programs
  • Data types in App Inventor include numbers, text, Booleans, objects, and lists
  • Lists are ordered collections of items
  • For loops are used when the number of iterations is known
  • While loops are used when the condition depends on runtime
  • Big O notation measures algorithm efficiency in time or space
  • Fine notations include O(1), O(log n), and O(n)
  • Undesirable notations include O(n²) and O(2ⁿ)
  • Linear search compares each item sequentially
  • Worst case for a linear search with 9 numbers would be 9 comparisons
  • Binary search compares the middle element and narrows the search space
  • Worst case for a binary search with 9 numbers would be 4 comparisons
  • Sorting organizes data in order
  • Sorting data can make searching easier and improve data analysis
  • Quicksort divides data using a pivot, recursively sorting partitions
  • Selection sort finds the smallest element and swaps it to the front, repeating for the rest

MULTIMEDIA

  • Multimedia combines different forms of media, like text, audio, and video
  • Examples include YouTube videos
  • Infographics are static, story-focused
  • Visualizations are dynamic, data-focused
  • Media is represented in computers as binary data (0s and 1s)
  • A bit is the smallest unit of data (0 or 1)
  • A byte is 8 bits
  • Prefixes like kilo, mega, giga, and tera represent multiples of 10^3, 10^6, 10^9, and 10^12 respectively
  • Binary numbers can be converted to decimal by adding powers of 2, and vice versa
  • ASCII is a 7-bit encoding for characters, suitable for a limited number of characters
  • Unicode supports more characters globally
  • Pixels are the smallest unit of a digital image
  • Colors can have up to 16.7 million variations in a pixel
  • JPGs are lossy compression formats, best for photos
  • GIFs are lossy compression formats, best for animations and limited colors
  • PNGs are lossy compression formats, best for images needing transparency
  • Compression is important in media files for saving storage and bandwidth, but too much compression may reduce quality excessively
  • Lossy compression throws away some data (e.g., JPG)
  • Lossless compression retains all data (e.g., PNG)
  • Sampling digitizes continuous signals (like audio)
  • Common examples of lossy audio formats include MP3 files and lossless audio
  • Common examples of lossy image formats include JPG and lossless formats include PNG

HARDWARE & SOFTWARE

  • Computing Platforms include personal computers, mobile devices, servers and embedded systems
  • Basic components of a computer are hardware and software
  • Key computer parts are the processor (e.g., Intel i9), memory (e.g., RAM, 16GB DDR4), adapter cards (e.g., graphics cards), motherboards, input/output devices, and storage devices
  • Primary memory (RAM) is temporary
  • Secondary memory (SSD/HDD) is permanent
  • A computer needs to input, process, store and output data to function
  • Key hardware components of an autonomous vehicle include sensors (e.g., LIDAR, cameras, radar), GPS, processors, actuators, and communication systems

AUTOMATION

  • Automation uses technology to perform tasks with minimal human input
  • Examples include smart thermostats and assembly line robots
  • Automation can increase efficiency
  • Job displacement is a potential downside of automation
  • Autonomous systems are different from automation, as they make decisions based on AI and sensors
  • Autonomous vehicles often use sensors to perceive the world around them and make decisions
  • Autonomous systems rely on sensing, decision-making, and acting independently.
  • AI is simulated human intelligence in machines

BIG DATA

  • Big data is extremely large datasets that need advanced tools for storage, processing, and analysis
  • Data volume, velocity, and variety are important aspects of big data
  • Examples include sensor data, social media posts, transactions, and images
  • Data in big data can be explicit (intentionally provided) or implicit
  • Understanding the value of big data allows informed decision-making by businesses and consumers.

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TECH HORIZONS FINAL Study Guide PDF

Description

Explore the fundamentals of algorithms through this quiz, which covers key concepts like sorting, searching, and efficiency measures. Learn about different types of loops, data types, and the importance of algorithmic efficiency with Big O notation. Test your understanding of linear and binary search techniques as well as sorting methods such as Quicksort.

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