Algorithms Overview and Techniques
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between an infographic and data visualization?

  • Infographic is dynamic and data-focused.
  • Data visualization is static and storytelling focused.
  • Data visualization is focused on storytelling.
  • Infographic is static and storytelling focused. (correct)

    • A pixel is the largest unit of measurement in a digital image.

    False

    What does the value of each prefix stand for in order of kilo, mega, giga, and tera?

    Kilo = 10³, Mega = 10⁶, Giga = 10⁹, Tera = 10¹²

    A byte is made up of __ bits.

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following image formats with their characteristics:

    <p>JPG = Best for photos, lossy compression GIF = Supports animation, limited colors PNG = Supports transparency, lossless compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about ASCII and Unicode is true?

    <p>Unicode was developed because ASCII is too limited for global languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lossy compression retains all the data from the original file.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sampling in the context of digital audio?

    <p>Digitizing continuous signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which data types are used in App Inventor?

    <p>Numbers, text, Boolean, objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An algorithm must be 100% efficient to be useful.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major downside of using a binary search?

    <p>Requires sorted data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A collection of items stored in a specific order is known as a __________.

    <p>list</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following search algorithms with their worst-case scenario comparisons for a dataset of 9 numbers:

    <p>Linear Search = 9 comparisons Binary Search = 4 comparisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered an undesirable classification in Big O notation?

    <p>O(n²)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quicksort works by organizing data according to a pivot.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Briefly describe what multimedia is.

    <p>Combining different forms of media (text, audio, video)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the benefits of automation?

    <p>Increased efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of big data as described?

    <p>Extremely large datasets requiring advanced tools for storage and analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is erased when power is turned off?

    <p>RAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Automation systems are capable of making decisions based on AI and sensors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The operating system is a type of application software.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the three tenets of autonomous systems.

    <p>Sensing, decision-making, acting independently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eric Schmidt stated that more data is generated each day than the total data created before 1995.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give an example of structured data.

    <p>Spreadsheets or SQL databases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main parts of the CPU?

    <p>Control Unit and ALU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of autonomous vehicles can lead to reduced accidents and increased _____.

    <p>mobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High-level programming languages are designed to be ______.

    <p>user-friendly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When data is intentionally provided by users, it is referred to as ______ data.

    <p>explicit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the levels of automation for autonomous vehicles with their descriptions:

    <p>Level 1 = Driver assistance (e.g., adaptive cruise control) Level 3 = Car controls under certain conditions Level 4 = Fully autonomous in specific areas Level 5 = No human involvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of software with its description:

    <p>Operating System = Manages hardware and software resources Utility Programs = Performs maintenance tasks Application Software = Allows users to perform specific tasks Firmware = Software programmed into hardware</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following data types with their respective examples:

    <p>Structured = SQL databases Unstructured = Social media posts Explicit = Survey responses Implicit = Browsing history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential downside of automation?

    <p>Job displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one value of big data for consumers?

    <p>Personalized services like Netflix recommendations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of low-level programming language?

    <p>Assembly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Job creation in tech sectors is a negative economic impact of switching to autonomous vehicles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define artificial intelligence.

    <p>Simulation of human intelligence by machines to perform tasks like reasoning, learning, and decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Automation systems require constant human interaction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The old standard of databases works equally well for structured and unstructured data.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the 3 Vs of big data.

    <p>Volume, Velocity, Variety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List two categories of software.

    <p>System software and application software</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an embedded system?

    <p>IoT device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary memory is permanent storage that retains data even when the computer is turned off.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between RAM and SSD?

    <p>RAM is temporary and fast, while SSD is permanent and slower.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are ____ bits in a byte.

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following prefixes with their corresponding powers of ten:

    <p>Kilo = 10³ Mega = 10⁶ Giga = 10⁹ Tera = 10¹²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a computer is responsible for processing data?

    <p>Processor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ASCII is capable of encoding more than 128 characters.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The four functions a computer must perform are input, process, store, and ____.

    <p>output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    ALGORITHMS

    • An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem
    • Algorithms don't need to be 100% efficient to be useful
    • Examples include recipes or computer programs
    • Data types in App Inventor include numbers, text, Booleans, objects, and lists
    • Lists are ordered collections of items
    • For loops are used when the number of iterations is known
    • While loops are used when the condition depends on runtime
    • Big O notation measures algorithm efficiency in time or space
    • Fine notations include O(1), O(log n), and O(n)
    • Undesirable notations include O(n²) and O(2ⁿ)
    • Linear search compares each item sequentially
    • Worst case for a linear search with 9 numbers would be 9 comparisons
    • Binary search compares the middle element and narrows the search space
    • Worst case for a binary search with 9 numbers would be 4 comparisons
    • Sorting organizes data in order
    • Sorting data can make searching easier and improve data analysis
    • Quicksort divides data using a pivot, recursively sorting partitions
    • Selection sort finds the smallest element and swaps it to the front, repeating for the rest

    MULTIMEDIA

    • Multimedia combines different forms of media, like text, audio, and video
    • Examples include YouTube videos
    • Infographics are static, story-focused
    • Visualizations are dynamic, data-focused
    • Media is represented in computers as binary data (0s and 1s)
    • A bit is the smallest unit of data (0 or 1)
    • A byte is 8 bits
    • Prefixes like kilo, mega, giga, and tera represent multiples of 10^3, 10^6, 10^9, and 10^12 respectively
    • Binary numbers can be converted to decimal by adding powers of 2, and vice versa
    • ASCII is a 7-bit encoding for characters, suitable for a limited number of characters
    • Unicode supports more characters globally
    • Pixels are the smallest unit of a digital image
    • Colors can have up to 16.7 million variations in a pixel
    • JPGs are lossy compression formats, best for photos
    • GIFs are lossy compression formats, best for animations and limited colors
    • PNGs are lossy compression formats, best for images needing transparency
    • Compression is important in media files for saving storage and bandwidth, but too much compression may reduce quality excessively
    • Lossy compression throws away some data (e.g., JPG)
    • Lossless compression retains all data (e.g., PNG)
    • Sampling digitizes continuous signals (like audio)
    • Common examples of lossy audio formats include MP3 files and lossless audio
    • Common examples of lossy image formats include JPG and lossless formats include PNG

    HARDWARE & SOFTWARE

    • Computing Platforms include personal computers, mobile devices, servers and embedded systems
    • Basic components of a computer are hardware and software
    • Key computer parts are the processor (e.g., Intel i9), memory (e.g., RAM, 16GB DDR4), adapter cards (e.g., graphics cards), motherboards, input/output devices, and storage devices
    • Primary memory (RAM) is temporary
    • Secondary memory (SSD/HDD) is permanent
    • A computer needs to input, process, store and output data to function
    • Key hardware components of an autonomous vehicle include sensors (e.g., LIDAR, cameras, radar), GPS, processors, actuators, and communication systems

    AUTOMATION

    • Automation uses technology to perform tasks with minimal human input
    • Examples include smart thermostats and assembly line robots
    • Automation can increase efficiency
    • Job displacement is a potential downside of automation
    • Autonomous systems are different from automation, as they make decisions based on AI and sensors
    • Autonomous vehicles often use sensors to perceive the world around them and make decisions
    • Autonomous systems rely on sensing, decision-making, and acting independently.
    • AI is simulated human intelligence in machines

    BIG DATA

    • Big data is extremely large datasets that need advanced tools for storage, processing, and analysis
    • Data volume, velocity, and variety are important aspects of big data
    • Examples include sensor data, social media posts, transactions, and images
    • Data in big data can be explicit (intentionally provided) or implicit
    • Understanding the value of big data allows informed decision-making by businesses and consumers.

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    TECH HORIZONS FINAL Study Guide PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of algorithms through this quiz, which covers key concepts like sorting, searching, and efficiency measures. Learn about different types of loops, data types, and the importance of algorithmic efficiency with Big O notation. Test your understanding of linear and binary search techniques as well as sorting methods such as Quicksort.

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