الفسيولوجيا: الدورة الدموية

• Physiologie, first lecture.

The Circulatory System

• There are two types: Open and Closed.
• Closed: Blood flows in closed vessels (e.g., humans).
• Open: Blood is part of its cycle, swimming freely in the body at its second part (e.g., arthropods).
• The circulatory system consists of three parts: blood, heart and blood vessels.

Blood

• Blood consists of plasma, platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells.
• Plasma consists of water, proteins and chemical substances.
• Plasma is a yellowish liquid with a watery consistency, constituting 55% of the blood.
• It is obtained by centrifugation, adding heparin to separate plasma from blood and stop blood clotting.
• Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are biconcave, lack a nucleus (except in camels), and cannot divide due to the absence of a nucleus.
• Erythrocytes production occurs during embryonic life in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes.
• After birth, erythrocytes are formed in the bone marrow.
• Erythrocytes average size is 7-8 micrometers and elasticity is high.
• Erythrocytes average lifespan is 120 days.
• Erythrocytes diameter is larger than the diameter of the blood vessel. 10 Million cells are destroyed per second.
• The number of erythrocytes depends on age, gender, health and nutrition.
• The number of erythrocytes: 5-6 million cells in males, and 4-6 million cells in females.
• Erythrocytes consist of water, fats, proteins, vitamins, glucose, dry materials and enzymes.
• Each hemoglobin molecule carries 4 oxygen molecules.
• Iron results from the breakdown of red blood cells and is stored in the spleen.
• The rest of the hemoglobin converts into pigments secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
• Hemoglobin consists of heme, which contains iron responsible for the red color in the blood.
• Globin contains protein and is colorless.
• White blood cells (leukocytes) contain a nucleus, so they can divide. They can move amebically inside the bloodstream.
• Leukocytes size ranges from 9 to 25 micrometers.
• Leukocytes average number is 7,000 cells per cubic millimeter of blood.
• Leukocytes lifespan is 3-8 days in the blood and a full year outside the blood.
• Leukocytes leave the bloodstream to fight microbes and are formed in the bone marrow and lymph nodes.
• Platelets (thrombocytes) are small, non-cellular bodies that lack a nucleus in all stages of their formation.
• Platelets lifespan is 10 days.
• Platelets function is to clot the blood, and they are created in giant cells in the bone marrow.
• There are 300,000 platelets per cubic millimeter.

Blood Types, its White Cells (Leukocytes)

• Leukocytes are divided into: Granulocytes and Agranulocytes.
• Agranulocytes don't have cytoplasmic granules and consist of lymphocytes:
• Lymphocytes produce antibodies and represent 20-25% of leukocytes.
• Monocytes engulf foreign bodies and microbes.
• Granulocytes have cytoplasmic granules stained blue, acidic or neutral:
• Basophils' granules stain with basic dyes and increase in number when the body is exposed to infection.
• Acidophils' granules stain with acidic dyes and provide immunity against parasites.
• Neutrophils protect the body from bacterial threats.

Platelets

• Platelets have no color.
• Platelets are small, non-cellular bodies.
• Nucleus is absent during all formation stages.

Blood Function

• Nutrient transfer
• Fluid and viscous substance

Heart

• The heart is a hollow, muscular, cone-shaped organ.
• The heart is located in the chest cavity, leaning towards the left.
• Heart consists of atria and ventricles; right and left atrium and left and right ventricules.
• The left ventricle is below the right, and the left atrium is below the right atrium.
• A valve between the atrium and ventricle allows blood to pass from the atrium to the ventricle, but not vice versa.
• There is no connection between the atria except during the embryonic stage, where there is a foramen that fuses after birth and is called the oval fossa.
• There is no blood mixing except in the embryonic stage due to an opening in the atria.
• The left atrium receives four pulmonary veins carrying purified blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
• The right atrium receives a superior vena cava carrying impure blood from the upper part to pour into the right atrium.
• The right atrium also receives an inferior vena cava carrying impure blood from the lower part of the body to pour into the right atrium.
• The Right atrium fills with impure blood, while the left atrium fills with pure blood.
• After the atria fill with blood, both atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles through the valve, preventing blood from returning to the atria again.
• When the ventricles fill, pure blood is pushed from the left ventricle via the aorta to transfer blood to all body parts.
• Once the aorta exits the heart, it branches out, and before branching, the coronary artery, which branches into two branches, supplies the heart muscle with nutrition and oxygen.
• When the right ventricle contracts, impure blood is pushed through an artery called the pulmonary artery.
• The pulmonary artery branches into right and left to purify the blood in the lungs.
• Heart consists of many specialized, branched muscle fibers that are longitudinal, striated, undivided and interconnected by cytoplasmic connections.
• The "oval foramen" between the atria in the embryonic stage fuses after birth.

Valves

• Valves allow blood to pass from the atrium to the ventricle but do not allow backflow.
• Four pulmonary veins open into the left atrium.
• Body exits to Left Ventricle via the Aorta Artery.
• Two cardiac branches form.
• The Superior Vena Cava carries impure blood to the right atrium.
• Contradiction of pure blood with impure blood in the embryonic stage occurs because of an opening between the atria called foramen ovale.
• Artery equals a blood vessel carries blood from the heart to the body regardless of the blood type.
• Vein equals a blood vessel carries blood from the body to the heart regardless of the blood type.
• Artery structure (medium, internal, external).
• More thick and sturdy and flexible, exists flexible layers in artery wall rather than veins.
• Undergo veins, more compact and the same can be exposed from the blood.
• Less compact, less sturdy and less flexible.
• The Arterial System occurs with the pulmonary artery emerging from the right ventricle to enter the right ventricle.
• The coronary artery branches to nourish heart and Aorta artery stems from the left ventricle.
• Blood vessels consist of: Arteries, veins, & capillaries.
• The body has Small blood vessels that reaches arteries with small veins.
• Capillaries are The key of the circulatory system distinguished by permeability that make it easier the way of foods with residues, that is in blood inside the hairs and between solution in the body.

The General Carotid Artery

• The left , near neck turns to cerebrum and brain to human left head party.
• The right, near neck turns to cerebrum and brain to human right head party

Aorta Lumbar

• The Artery is on the stomach.
• Kidney Artery to kidney.

Mesenteric

• Superior, upper part in bowel.
• Lower inferior part in bowel.

Femoral

• Right, the right way in the rigt man.
• Left, the left way in the left man.

The Endocrine System

• Body activity is mainly subject to 2 devises:
• • Nervous system & Endocrine secretors tools.
• The nervous system device works in the brain and set response is the nerve stimules that reaches the body by way of reciving components various

Definition of Endocrine Secretors

• Are organs with private tubes, secreted chemicals directly at steam called hormones.
• Affect the body parts, based on the Nature of secretors, and gain amounts a little so great effect.

Definition of Hormones

• The subject an organic, consists of protein hard by amino acids.

What Kinds of Secretors Various?

• Free with external external secretes .
• Free endocrins.
• Free Community one.

Explain

• It's that special channels is a channel by a secretion body withing body inside, for example Saliva tube & Vesicle is clear & or outside the body, for example, eye lacrimal's fluid & a sweat.
• Channel hasn't private channel and secretors pour to Blood dirctliy.
• East it that Channel & Not Channel such as pancreatic gland, Gonad.

Function of The Endocrine?

• Balance & adjustment for the internal of body.
• 2 Growth of the body.
• 3 Dietary representations.
• 4 Maturity Gender.
• 5 A behaviour of human's mood in the body.

What are the Dispersal for the Hormone in The body on Human?

• Pituitary gland
• Thyroid
• Thymic & Thymic
• Pineal
• Number of Thyroid
• Sexual
• Pancreas gland
• Adrenal gland
• Hormones of Placenta
• Hormones digestive Channel.
• Pituitary Gland
• Small cell in the bottom of Cerebrum & is mainly gland to body, or called number leader.

Composition

• Formed by 3 specifications: Cerebral Frontal, Average Lobe, Cerebral Rear

Front Lobe

• Is it greater to gland and creates by hormones and it it is the main in human growing , and activity sexual.
• what are the hormones in the anterior pituitary gland?
  • Growth hormone, responsible for dwarfs or giants.
  • Prolactin hormone, that stimulates lactiferous secretion.
  • Hormones stimulated to the sexual gland, that including:
    • Follicle stimulating hormone that responsible of creating the testicles cells and eggs.
    • luteinizing hormone which is responsible about appear the sexual females.
  • Coloring cells stimulated hormones that responsible to activate the pigment cells , its responsible of the skin coloring of a person.
  • Stimulated hormones for the thyroid gland.

what is the medium lobe?

• it's secrete stimulated hormones for the the Black pigment cells on animals and its take the effect to changing an animal colures that's help with extinction from other or hide from other and for human its have not any effect.

whats the posteriors lobe consist include?

• the hormones affect the heart and the veins, the breathing and the kidneys, its have been creating from especially parts in the brain that calls (hypothalamus), and after the transformation to the smaller posteriors parts , by a (the neurological axis ).

what is the vaspopressin ?

• its the arterial controller hormone that's affect the heart and the vessels and cause for high the amount of blood so its working in surgical surgeries , the release its hormone to prevent urination.
• because it organize the release of the urine, for the same reason that the low cause loose amount to it in the body by surface.

Thymus hormone

• vasopressin
• oxytocin
• Dopamine
• Nor epinephrine
• serotonin
• Acetyl Kwais

what is the location called thyroid gland?

• formed lobes on each side of the vocal tract on the neck areas and its binded to the surface, & Its weigh of its sizes 28 gram from human's weight.
• its role by suction the iodine from human and its stored in to form a hormones .
• 25 for human is in thyroid gland.
• whats is thyroid hormones?
• 1-Thyroxin
• 2-Triiodothyronine
• 3.Diiodothyronine

what's the important components for the thyroid glands ?

• balance of iodine to to spedd and regulate body's system.

a- What is the function of the parathyroid hormone?

• It acts on inhibiting calcium intake from the bones, thereby reducing the calcium in the blood, and it also helps regulate the amount of calcium in the blood calcium.
• What will affect thyroid activity to make it stop? 1- amount of iodine the human . 2- what is a amount for all the blood in body for the thyroid. - if diet for poor in iodine and protein to reduce thyroid activity. - atmosphere such as cool to activate the work of the thyroid. - what Is is main the diseases. a. Shortage for iodine in body to make the growth on thyroid b. Increase the hormones secretion on thyroid gland and its make and to reduce appetite food.

B- What causes for the hormone for thyroid ?

• Shortage of hormone cause for thyroid affects

Parathyroid gland and number of mood

• • It consists of four small independent entities located within or on the sides of the thyroid gland.

a- What are the most important hormones secreted by the parathyroid?

1- Parahormone, also know as Parana yroid 2-Calcitonin It works to regulate the proportion if calcium present in the blood - The functions of the parathyroid hormone: A:It functions to prevent the release of calcium from the bones. B:Second, it also aids int the release of calcium release from the bone the parathyroid or thyroid diseases.

What main the diseases to affects the paro gland ?

I - An increase in the secretion of hormones: A leads increase the concentration of calcium of the blood in addition to ridding of , which exposes the prone a fractures this will be result in the bones gettin injured . II-

• A lack or shortage in hormones is leads A reduction a decrease calcium percentage so its a in blood causing the affect nerve system also the muscles
• The parathyroid glands are known is connected related or affect the relation mood because by deficiency. I am what so what the effect on nervous, muscle related and chemicals.

What about Pancreatic Hormone?

• Why it is is the group involved or connected to the digestion route its because: (1)-Because all its enzymes in the duodenums from route the special for it (2-The steam as ( the heart and blood steam and blood for hormones, the most directly channel is for (langerhans.

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