40 Questions
What is true about drug use disorders?
They have multiple causes from different levels.
What is the purpose of protective factors?
To decrease the chances of addiction.
What is resilience in the context of drug use?
The ability to be well adjusted and interpersonally effective in the face of an adverse environment.
What is the trend in tobacco use in Australia?
The number of people who have never smoked has increased.
How often does someone die from an overdose in Australia?
Every four hours
What is the leading cause of death for Australians in their thirties?
Overdose
What type of drug overdose is becoming more common?
Stimulant overdose
How many unintentional drug-induced deaths involving stimulants were there in 2020?
526
What is a possible reason for the negative impact of low social status on health and well-being?
Economic discrepancies producing personal and interpersonal insecurities, tensions, and conflict
According to Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett, what is a characteristic of more unequal countries?
They perform worse on almost every metric
What is a physical health consequence of low social standing?
Higher levels of fibrinogen in the blood
What is a common behavioural response to stress and anxiety in low-income individuals?
Excessive spending and destructive gambling
According to the National Drug Strategy Household Survey, what is true about drug use among the most advantaged individuals?
They are more likely to use hallucinogens
What is a trend observed in the use of pain-relievers and opioids among individuals in low socioeconomic areas?
A 1.6 times greater likelihood of recent use
What is a risk factor that contributes to adventurous behavior?
Sensation-seeking traits
What is a positive trend observed in the use of alcohol among adolescents?
A decline in risky alcohol consumption
What is a characteristic of more unequal societies?
A higher prevalence of stress, anxiety, and depression
What is a consequence of earlier drug initiation?
Increased risk of future abuse
Which of the following is a macro-environmental factor that influences drug abuse?
Societal attitudes to drug use
What is a protective factor for drug abuse among certain ethnic groups?
Cultural norms
Why do Indigenous Australians have a higher risk of drug abuse?
Poverty, disadvantage, and cultural dispossession
What is a characteristic of Aboriginal people who drink?
They tend to drink at hazardous levels
What is an exception to the general protective factor of ethnicity?
High levels of heroin use amongst southeast Asian youths
What influences an individual's choice to initiate drug use?
Peers, familial norms, and mental health
What is the dosage of Prenoxad® for intramuscular administration?
400ug in 0.4 ml
What is the name of the program that supplies Take-Home Naloxone products in Australia?
Needle Syringe Program
What is the result of maternal ill health during pregnancy?
Poor cognitive development
What is the term used to describe the cumulative effect of early onset of risk factors on long-term risk trajectory?
Snowball Effect
What is the term used to describe the increased likelihood of harmful drug use due to multiple risks experienced concurrently?
Snowstorm Effect
What is the socioeconomic characteristic associated with the highest drug use and problems?
Low SES
What is the dosage of Nyxoid® for intranasal administration?
1.8 mg in 0.1 ml
What is the purpose of Take-Home Naloxone?
To treat opioid overdose
What is the primary level of prevention in drug use?
Preventing initial drug use
What is the goal of secondary level prevention in drug use?
Reducing risks to experimental/social users
What is an example of a universal prevention target?
National campaigns and advertising programs
What is the focus of selective prevention targets?
Subgroups with above-average risk
What is the timing of intervention ideal in drug use prevention?
As early as possible in the developmental pathway
What is a specific risk factor that can be targeted in drug use prevention?
Peer influences
What is the best approach to drug use prevention?
A combination of factors
What is an example of an indicated prevention target?
Counselling and advice lines
Study Notes
Risk and Protective Factors in Drug Use Disorders
- Drug use disorders are influenced by a range of risk and protective factors from individual, familial, and societal levels.
- Risk factors predict initiation to drug use and risk of problems associated later in life.
- Protective factors are traits or experiences that decrease the chances of a person having an addiction and mediate or moderate risk factors.
Trends in Tobacco and Other Drug Use
- In Australia, someone dies from an overdose every four hours, with non-fatal overdoses estimated to occur 30 times more frequently.
- Overdose is a leading cause of death for Australians of all ages, particularly for those in their thirties and twenties.
- Stimulant overdose is becoming more common, with a ten-fold increase in unintentional drug-induced deaths involving stimulants over the last two decades.
Take-Home Naloxone in Australia
- Take-Home Naloxone is an emergency medication for opioid overdose, available in intramuscular and intranasal forms.
- Prenoxad® and Nyxoid® are twoTake-Home Naloxone products available in Australia, accessible over the counter and with a prescription.
- The Take-Home Naloxone program supplies these products through the Needle Syringe Program in Australia.
Determinants of Drug Use Disorders
- Risk factors may not directly influence drug use, but can contribute to a cumulative effect or "snowball effect" that increases the risk of drug use disorders.
- The "snowstorm effect" occurs when multiple risks are experienced concurrently, increasing the likelihood of harmful drug use.
- Socioeconomic status is a significant factor, with low SES individuals more likely to experience health problems, including drug use disorders.
Personality and Peer Factors in Drug Use
- Personality traits such as rebelliousness, non-conformity, and sensation-seeking increase the risk of drug use disorders.
- Peer associations, familial norms, and mental health impact drug initiation.
- Peer modelling and shared rebelliousness influence drug use choices.
Macro-Environmental Factors in Drug Use
- Social norms, media portrayal, and advertising can contribute to drug use.
- Societal attitudes to drug use, legal responses, and health system funding also play a role.
- Cultural factors, including ethnicity, can be a protective or risk factor, depending on the specific cultural context.
Prevention Strategies
- Prevention strategies can be categorized into three levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary.
- Primary prevention targets the whole population, secondary prevention targets subgroups with above-average risk, and tertiary prevention targets individuals with detectable symptoms.
- Prevention objectives should focus on attitudes, knowledge, expectancies, and behaviours associated with drug use, with a combination approach often being the most effective.
This quiz covers key concepts related to drug use disorders, including risk and protective factors, and their impact on addiction.
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