Alcohol and Other Drugs: Week 5

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Questions and Answers

What is true about drug use disorders?

They have a single cause.

They can only be explained by individual factors.

They have multiple causes from different levels. (correct)

They are only determined by socioeconomic status.

What is the purpose of protective factors?

To decrease the chances of addiction. (correct)

To directly influence drug use.

To increase the risk of drug-related problems.

To predict the initiation of drug use.

What is resilience in the context of drug use?

The ability to be well adjusted and interpersonally effective in the face of an adverse environment. (correct)

The ability to overcome addiction instantly.

The ability to avoid drugs completely.

The ability to use drugs recreationally.

What is the trend in tobacco use in Australia?

The number of people who have never smoked has increased. Signup and view all the answers

How often does someone die from an overdose in Australia?

Every four hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of death for Australians in their thirties?

Overdose Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug overdose is becoming more common?

Stimulant overdose Signup and view all the answers

How many unintentional drug-induced deaths involving stimulants were there in 2020?

526 Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible reason for the negative impact of low social status on health and well-being?

Economic discrepancies producing personal and interpersonal insecurities, tensions, and conflict Signup and view all the answers

According to Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett, what is a characteristic of more unequal countries?

They perform worse on almost every metric Signup and view all the answers

What is a physical health consequence of low social standing?

Higher levels of fibrinogen in the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is a common behavioural response to stress and anxiety in low-income individuals?

Excessive spending and destructive gambling Signup and view all the answers

According to the National Drug Strategy Household Survey, what is true about drug use among the most advantaged individuals?

They are more likely to use hallucinogens Signup and view all the answers

What is a trend observed in the use of pain-relievers and opioids among individuals in low socioeconomic areas?

A 1.6 times greater likelihood of recent use Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor that contributes to adventurous behavior?

Sensation-seeking traits Signup and view all the answers

What is a positive trend observed in the use of alcohol among adolescents?

A decline in risky alcohol consumption Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of more unequal societies?

A higher prevalence of stress, anxiety, and depression Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of earlier drug initiation?

Increased risk of future abuse Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a macro-environmental factor that influences drug abuse?

Societal attitudes to drug use Signup and view all the answers

What is a protective factor for drug abuse among certain ethnic groups?

Cultural norms Signup and view all the answers

Why do Indigenous Australians have a higher risk of drug abuse?

Poverty, disadvantage, and cultural dispossession Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Aboriginal people who drink?

They tend to drink at hazardous levels Signup and view all the answers

What is an exception to the general protective factor of ethnicity?

High levels of heroin use amongst southeast Asian youths Signup and view all the answers

What influences an individual's choice to initiate drug use?

Peers, familial norms, and mental health Signup and view all the answers

What is the dosage of Prenoxad® for intramuscular administration?

400ug in 0.4 ml Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the program that supplies Take-Home Naloxone products in Australia?

Needle Syringe Program Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of maternal ill health during pregnancy?

Poor cognitive development Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the cumulative effect of early onset of risk factors on long-term risk trajectory?

Snowball Effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the increased likelihood of harmful drug use due to multiple risks experienced concurrently?

Snowstorm Effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the socioeconomic characteristic associated with the highest drug use and problems?

Low SES Signup and view all the answers

What is the dosage of Nyxoid® for intranasal administration?

1.8 mg in 0.1 ml Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Take-Home Naloxone?

To treat opioid overdose Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary level of prevention in drug use?

Preventing initial drug use Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of secondary level prevention in drug use?

Reducing risks to experimental/social users Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a universal prevention target?

National campaigns and advertising programs Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of selective prevention targets?

Subgroups with above-average risk Signup and view all the answers

What is the timing of intervention ideal in drug use prevention?

As early as possible in the developmental pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is a specific risk factor that can be targeted in drug use prevention?

Peer influences Signup and view all the answers

What is the best approach to drug use prevention?

A combination of factors Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an indicated prevention target?

Counselling and advice lines Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Risk and Protective Factors in Drug Use Disorders

Drug use disorders are influenced by a range of risk and protective factors from individual, familial, and societal levels.
Risk factors predict initiation to drug use and risk of problems associated later in life.
Protective factors are traits or experiences that decrease the chances of a person having an addiction and mediate or moderate risk factors.

Trends in Tobacco and Other Drug Use

In Australia, someone dies from an overdose every four hours, with non-fatal overdoses estimated to occur 30 times more frequently.
Overdose is a leading cause of death for Australians of all ages, particularly for those in their thirties and twenties.
Stimulant overdose is becoming more common, with a ten-fold increase in unintentional drug-induced deaths involving stimulants over the last two decades.

Take-Home Naloxone in Australia

Take-Home Naloxone is an emergency medication for opioid overdose, available in intramuscular and intranasal forms.
Prenoxad® and Nyxoid® are twoTake-Home Naloxone products available in Australia, accessible over the counter and with a prescription.
The Take-Home Naloxone program supplies these products through the Needle Syringe Program in Australia.

Determinants of Drug Use Disorders

Risk factors may not directly influence drug use, but can contribute to a cumulative effect or "snowball effect" that increases the risk of drug use disorders.
The "snowstorm effect" occurs when multiple risks are experienced concurrently, increasing the likelihood of harmful drug use.
Socioeconomic status is a significant factor, with low SES individuals more likely to experience health problems, including drug use disorders.

Personality and Peer Factors in Drug Use

Personality traits such as rebelliousness, non-conformity, and sensation-seeking increase the risk of drug use disorders.
Peer associations, familial norms, and mental health impact drug initiation.
Peer modelling and shared rebelliousness influence drug use choices.

Macro-Environmental Factors in Drug Use

Social norms, media portrayal, and advertising can contribute to drug use.
Societal attitudes to drug use, legal responses, and health system funding also play a role.
Cultural factors, including ethnicity, can be a protective or risk factor, depending on the specific cultural context.

Prevention Strategies

Prevention strategies can be categorized into three levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary.
Primary prevention targets the whole population, secondary prevention targets subgroups with above-average risk, and tertiary prevention targets individuals with detectable symptoms.
Prevention objectives should focus on attitudes, knowledge, expectancies, and behaviours associated with drug use, with a combination approach often being the most effective.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts related to drug use disorders, including risk and protective factors, and their impact on addiction.