92 Questions
Which symptom is characterized by an inability to start and maintain activities?
Avolition
Which type of hallucination occurs as a person is falling asleep?
Hypnagogic Hallucination
Which of the following describes 'Neologism' in schizophrenia?
A newly created word with meaning relevant only to that person
Which view of delusions attributes them to brain dysfunction?
Deficit View
What behavior is characterized by using excessive detail in speech that eventually leads to the point?
Circumstantiality
What term describes laughing or crying at inappropriate times?
Inappropriate Affect
Which is the most common type of hallucination experienced by people with schizophrenia?
Auditory Hallucinations
What describes a speech pattern where words are chosen based on their sound rather than their meaning?
Clang Associations
Which substance is associated with an increased risk of both depression and becoming dependent on it?
Tobacco
What is the expected duration for symptoms of acute alcohol withdrawal?
4-5 days
What is true about genetic factors in substance use?
They may affect how people experience and metabolize certain drugs.
Which treatment is specifically used for alcohol dependence?
Naltrexone
What describes the Expectancy Effect in substance use?
The development of drug use expectancies prior to actual use, influenced by loved ones or advertising.
Which is not a common co-occurring disorder with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
At what age can the onset of Gambling Disorder occur?
Both b and c
What symptom is associated with Intermittent Explosive Disorder in brain structure?
Reduced gray matter volume in several frontolimbic regions
For a diagnosis of Oppositional Defiant Disorder, symptoms should be present for at least how long?
6 months
Which of the following is true about the progression of gambling disorder?
It progresses more rapidly in women than in men.
Which therapy is focused on the acceptance of thoughts and improving self-motivation for behavioral change?
Motivational Interviewing
Which therapy involves clients discussing their reactions with a therapist in the context of a single problem?
Short-Term Psychodynamic Therapies
Which of the following therapies is based on the belief that clarifying and changing one's interpersonal problems will help lead to recovery?
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
What type of therapy uses a mixture of acceptance and change to assist clients?
Motivational Interviewing
Which therapy does not blame either the parents or the child for the disorder?
Maudsley Model of Family Therapy
Which therapy helps people in crisis talk about their reactions to traumatic experiences?
Psychological Debriefing
Which characteristic is most commonly associated with ADHD?
Generalized fidgetiness and restlessness
For a diagnosis of Specific Learning Disorder, how long must difficulties in academic skills persist?
At least 6 months
Which of the following best describes Stereotypic Movement Disorder?
Repetitive, seemingly driven, and apparently purposeless motor behavior
What term describes the often self-soothing, pleasurable, and predictable movements associated with Tic Disorders?
Motor Stereotypies
What cognitive condition is typically characterized by confusion, disorientation, and disturbance in sleep-wake cycles?
Delirium
Which neurocognitive disorder includes gradual and steady development of multiple cognitive deficits?
Alzheimer's disease
What type of damage involves widespread areas of brain structure abnormalities?
Diffuse
Which disorder is characterized by both motor and vocal tics lasting for more than 1 year?
Tourette's Disorder
Which of the following disorders often involves declines in executive functioning due to blocked blood vessels in the brain?
Vascular Injury
What is the typical age of onset for Alzheimer's disease?
After the age of 65
Which of the following best describes a delusional disorder?
Presence of one or more delusions for at least 1 month without other schizophrenia characteristics
What is the typical duration of schizopreniform disorder?
At least 1 month but less than 6 months
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Brief Psychotic Disorder?
Duration of at least 1 month but less than 6 months
What condition involves delusions developed as a result of a close relationship with a delusional individual?
Shared Psychotic Disorder (Folie à Deux)
What is typically NOT observed in individuals with delusional disorders?
Flat affect
Which diagnosis could be appropriate if psychotic symptoms persist for at least 1 day in PD?
Brief Psychotic Disorder
For a diagnosis of schizophrenia, how long must symptoms be present?
At least 6 months
What intellectual developmental disorder is associated with a nonprogressive course and periods of worsening?
Fragile X Syndrome
Which of the following is a primary feature of Schizoaffective Disorder?
Major mood episodes along with delusions or hallucinations for at least 2 weeks
What level of intellectual functioning requires daily assistance and extensive support?
IQ 20-35 Severe
At what age should a diagnosis of DMDD first be given?
At age 18 or older
Which disorder is characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates the basic rights of others or societal norms?
Conduct Disorder
Which statement is true about aggression in Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) compared to Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED)?
Aggression in ODD is primarily characterized by temper tantrums and verbal arguments with authority figures.
What is the most common precursor to the childhood-onset type of Conduct Disorder?
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
Which symptom is typically presented during adolescence in individuals with Conduct Disorder?
Nonaggressive conduct
In which context is a separate diagnosis of Pyromania not given?
When fire setting occurs as part of a manic episode
Which of the following disorders is co-morbid with depressive and anxiety disorders, eating and substance use disorders?
Kleptomania
Which personality disorder is characterized by excessive mistrust and suspicion of others without justification?
Paranoid Personality Disorder
For which disorder is agitation and excitement experienced before the act?
Kleptomania
What is a common behavioral trait in those diagnosed with Pyromania?
Making considerable advance preparation for starting fires
What is a common symptom of Speech Sound Disorder?
Difficulty in speech sound production
Which symptom is usually present in pre-school age children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?
Fidgets constantly
Which disorder is characterized by hand wringing and poor coordination?
Rett Disorder
What differentiates Autism Spectrum Disorder from ADHD?
Presence of restrictive and repetitive behaviors
When is a diagnosis of Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD) appropriate?
When social communication and intellectual skills are equally deficient
Which disorder is defined by disturbances in normal fluency and time patterning of speech?
Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder
What is a key characteristic of Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder?
Deficits in following the rules of conversation
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?
Underdeveloped vocabulary
What is a key characteristic of individuals with avoidant personality disorder?
They have an extremely low self-esteem and are hypersensitive to rejection.
Which of the following symptoms is NOT a part of dementia praecox according to Emil Kraepelin?
Persecutory delusions
Which personality disorder is characterized by a need for perfection and control?
Obsessive-Compulsive
Which delusional belief involves the conviction that one's thoughts are being removed by an outside force?
Thought Withdrawal
Which of the following statements is true about individuals with a dependent personality?
They rely on others to make even ordinary decisions.
Who introduced the term 'schizophrenia'?
Eugen Bleuler
What does the term 'demence precoce,' used by Benedict Morel, refer to?
Early or premature loss of mind
Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
Thought Withdrawal
Which type of delusion involves the belief that environmental cues are directed at oneself?
Referential
Which psychologist outlined a description of schizophrenia symptoms in the book 'Observations on Madness and Melancholy'?
John Haslam
Which statement best describes individuals with an avoidant personality disorder?
They experience detachment from social relationships and have a limited range of emotions.
What is a common precursor to avoidant personality disorder in childhood?
Childhood shyness
Which personality disorder is associated with the Underarousal Hypothesis?
Antisocial
Which personality disorder is characterized by a higher threshold for experiencing fear?
Antisocial
Which of the following beliefs is commonly associated with schizotypal personality disorder?
It is better to be isolated from others
Which personality disorder is often associated with dramatic behavior and a tendency to seek attention?
Histrionic
What trait is commonly found in individuals with narcissistic personality disorder?
Grandiosity and self-importance
Which personality disorder is more common among males than females?
Schizotypal
Which type of personality disorder involves significant instability in moods and relationships?
Borderline
What typical behavior is associated with antisocial personality disorder?
Taking what they want, violating social norms, and lacking empathy
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with Traumatic Brain Injury?
Visual hallucinations
What distinguishes Lewy Body Disease from other neurocognitive disorders?
Clumps of protein deposits within neurons
Which of the following is a key characteristic of Huntington's Disease?
It is an inherited progressive disease
Which psychological intervention involves the patient describing any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind?
Free Association
What is an early symptom of cognitive decline in HIV infection?
Cognitive slowness
What is a commonly reported symptom of Prion Diseases like Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease?
Body spasms
Which neurological disease is directly associated with the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra?
Parkinson's Disease
Which cognitive disorder involves changes like generalized atrophy, edema, inflammation, and patches of demyelination in the brain?
HIV Infection
Which symptom is common in both Parkinson's Disease and Lewy Body Disease?
Motor impairment
Which term refers to specific details and background information related to psychological treatment?
Idiographic
Study Notes
Here are the study notes for the provided text:
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
- Cocaine: increases alertness, produces euphoria, increases blood pressure and pulse, and causes insomnia and loss of appetite.
- Tobacco: contains nicotine, linked to negative affect, depression, anxiety, and anger.
- Alcohol: acute withdrawal lasts 4-5 days, rare in individuals under 30, symptoms of alcohol-induced mental disorder remain clinically relevant with continued intoxication or withdrawal.
Treatment for Substance Abuse
- Nicotine replacement therapy
- Bupropion
- Naltrexone
- Acamprosate
- Disulfiram
- Methadone
- Buprenorphine
- Aversion Therapy
- In-patient treatments
Phenomena Related to Substance Abuse
- Cross-tolerance: tolerance for one substance develops due to use of another similar substance.
- Synergistic Effect: increase of effects occurs when more than one substance is active at the same time.
Other Disorders
- Gambling Disorder: persistent and recurring gambling behavior, onset can occur during adolescence, young adulthood, or middle/older adulthood.
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder: diagnosed when angry, irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior against authority figures is present for at least 6 months.
- Intermittent Explosive Disorder: diagnosed when behavioral outbursts, failure to control aggressive impulses, verbal aggression, and physical aggression occur twice weekly for 3 months.
- Conduct Disorder: repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated.
- Pyromania: purposeful fire setting on more than one occasion, with considerable advance preparation.
- Kleptomania: failure to resist impulses to steal objects not needed for personal use, with increased tension before committing the theft and pleasure after.
Personality Disorders
Cluster A
- Paranoid: excessively mistrustful and suspicious of others, problems with close relationships, overt argumentativeness.
- Schizoid: detachment from social relationships, limited range of emotions, difficulty expressing anger.
Cluster B
- Histrionic: overly dramatic, exaggerated expression of emotions, characterized by social dominance.
- Borderline: unstable moods and relationships, poor self-image, pattern of undermining oneself at the moment of goal attainment.
- Narcissistic: grandiose, entitled, lacks empathy, selfishly takes what they want.
Cluster C
- Avoidant: socially isolated, limited range of emotions, hypersensitive to rejection, extremely low self-esteem.
- Dependent: relies on others to make decisions, pessimistic, self-doubt, uncomfortable when alone.
- Obsessive-Compulsive: perfectionist, fixated on details, needs to control, uncomfortable with imperfection.
Schizophrenia
- History: described by John Haslam, Philippe Pinel, Benedict Morel, Emil Kraepelin, and Eugen Bleuler.
-
Symptoms:
- Positive Symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and grossly disorganized behavior.
- Negative Symptoms: avolition, anhedonia, asociality, and flat affect.
- Disorganized Symptoms: disorganized speech, circumstantiality, and concrete thinking.
Note: These study notes are a summary of the provided text and are not intended to be a comprehensive guide to these topics.### Delusional Disorders
- One or more delusions persisting for at least 1 month, not characteristic of schizophrenia
- No flat affect, anhedonia, or other negative symptoms
- Socially isolated due to suspiciousness
- Types:
- Erotomanic, Grandiose, Jealous, Persecutory, Somatic, Mixed, Unspecified
Brief Psychotic Disorder
- Presence of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or catatonic behavior for at least 1 day and less than 1 month
- Emotional turmoil or overwhelming confusion
- Can relapse
- May be diagnosed in addition to another psychotic disorder
Schizophreniform Disorder
- Presence of two or more psychotic symptoms for at least 1 month but less than 6 months
- Develops similarly to schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
- Presence of two or more psychotic symptoms for at least 6 months
- Disturbance in one or more major areas
- Abrupt or insidious onset
- Influenced by duration and severity of illness, as well as gender
Schizoaffective Disorder
- Presence of a major mood episode plus delusions or hallucinations for at least 2 weeks
- Some individuals tend to change diagnosis into mood disorder or schizophrenia over time
- Anosognosia (poor insight) common in Schizoaffective, but less severe than in Schizophrenia
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Intellectual Developmental Disorder
- Includes both intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits in conceptual, social, and practical domains
- Difficulties with day-to-day activities and adaptive skills
- Causes: deprivation, abuse, neglect, prenatal, labor, and delivery complications, infections, and head injury
- Examples: Phenylketonuria, Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, Down Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome
Components of Intellectual Functioning
- Verbal Comprehension
- Working Memory
- Perceptual Reasoning
- Quantitative Reasoning
- Abstract Thought
- Cognitive Efficacy
DSM-IV Criteria Intellectual Disability Severity
- Mild (IQ 50-69): can live independently with intermittent support
- Moderate (IQ 36-64): requires moderate levels of support in daily situations
- Severe (IQ 20-35): requires daily assistance and extensive support
- Profound (IQ < 20): requires pervasive and continuous support
Developmental Disorders
Language Disorder
- Difficulties in the acquisition and use of language
- Deficits in comprehension and production
Speech Sound Disorder
- Difficulty in speech sound production
- Children's speech sound production should develop by age 3
Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)
- Disturbances in normal fluency and time patterning of speech
- Can be sudden or insidious
Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder
- Difficulties in the social use of verbal and nonverbal communication
- Deficits in following conversation rules
- Trouble understanding metaphors
- No restrictive or repetitive behavioral patterns
Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Deficient communication, restrictive repetitive actions, and impaired social interaction
- Failure to develop social relationships, social reciprocity, nonverbal communication, initiating social events, and maintaining social relationships
Neurocognitive Disorders
Delirium
- Impaired consciousness and cognition during several hours or days
- Confusion, disorientation, and sleep disturbances
- Often associated with disturbance in sleep-wake cycle
Reversible Cognitive Disorder
- Occurs during the course of dementia
- Full recovery with or without treatment
Major Neurocognitive Disorder
- Gradual deterioration of brain functioning affecting memory, judgment, language, and other advanced cognitive processes
Mild Neurocognitive Disorder
- Early stages of cognitive decline
- Most impairments in cognitive abilities, can function with accommodations
This quiz covers the effects of cocaine, tobacco, and alcohol on the human body and mind, including physical and psychological dependence.
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