الأشكال الدوائية والتطبيقات الشرجي

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

ما هي الأشكال الدوائية التي تُستخدم للتطبيق الشرجي؟

تحاميل

محاليل، تعليقات أو مستحلبات (correct)

حقن تحت الجلد

أقراص موضعية

ما هو الشكل الدوائي الذي يُستخدم في الشرج؟

محاليل للإبر

كبسولات

محاليل أو تعليقات أو مستحلبات (correct)

تعليقات للإستخدام في الأنف

أي من الخيارات التالية تعبر عن الاستخدام الصحيح للجداول الدوائية؟

البخاخات الأنفية

التطبيق عبر الفم

الحقن في الوريد

التطبيق الشرجي (correct)

ما هي المعلومات الصحيحة حول المحاليل المستخدمة في التطبيق الشرجي؟

يمكن أن تكون محاليل، تعليقات أو مستحلبات Signup and view all the answers

ما نوع المحاليل التي يمكن استخدامها كمستحضرات شرجية؟

محاليل، تعليقات أو مستحلبات Signup and view all the answers

ما هي الأشكال الدوائية المذكورة في المحتوى؟

كبسولات مهبلية لينة Signup and view all the answers

ما هي الاستخدامات الأساسية لمحاليل الري المذكورة؟

إرواء تجويف الجسم والجروح الجراحية Signup and view all the answers

ما هي الخصائص المطلوبة لمحاليل الري المذكورة؟

تكون معقمة وخالية من المواد المولدة للحمى Signup and view all the answers

ما هي نوعية الكبسولات المهبلية المذكورة؟

كبسولات لينة هلامية Signup and view all the answers

ما هي الاستخدامات المخصصة للأقراص المهبلية المضغوطة؟

علاج العدوى الموضعية Signup and view all the answers

ما هي الخصائص الرئيسية للحلول التي يتم إعطاؤها عن طريق الحقن؟

محلول مائي معقم Signup and view all the answers

ما هو الشرط الإضافي المهم لهذه الحلول؟

يجب أن تكون خالية من جاسيات الحرارة Signup and view all the answers

ما هو النوع الصحيح لحلول التسريب التي يجب استخدامها؟

محلول مائي معقم تحديداً Signup and view all the answers

لماذا تعتبر الحلول المعقمة مهمة في عملية التسريب؟

تقلل من مخاطر العدوى Signup and view all the answers

ما هو الشيء المحظور في الحلول المستخدمة للتسريب؟

الحلول التي تحتوي على مواد ملوثة Signup and view all the answers

ما هو العامل المهم الذي يؤثر على تحقيق والحفاظ على تركيز البلازما العلاجي المناسب؟

اختيار حجم الجرعة وتكرار الإدارة Signup and view all the answers

ما الذي يمكن أن يسهم في تحقيق تركيز بلازما علاجي مرضي؟

اختيار الجرعة المناسبة مع تكرارها الصحيح Signup and view all the answers

أي من الخيارات التالية قد يؤدي إلى عدم تحقيق التركيز العلاجي المطلوب؟

الإدارة في أوقات غير منتظمة Signup and view all the answers

لماذا يعتبر اختيار الجرعة والتكرار مهمين في العلاج؟

لضمان تحقيق تركيز البلازما العلاجي المناسب Signup and view all the answers

ماذا يحدث إذا كانت الجرعة والتكرار غير مناسبين؟

فشل في تحقيق تركيز البلازما العلاجي المطلوب Signup and view all the answers

ما هو تركيز المحلول 1 في 5000 كنسبة % w/v؟

0.02% w/v Signup and view all the answers

إذا كان لديك 0.25% w/v، ماذا تظهر معادلة التخفيف Vc x Cc = Vd x Cd عندما يتم التخفيف؟

Vc = 40 ml Signup and view all the answers

ما هي الكمية التي يجب تخفيفها لتحضير 1 في 5000؟

40 ml Signup and view all the answers

أي المعادلات التالية تعبر عن قاعدة التخفيف بشكل صحيح؟

Vc x Cc = Vd x Cd Signup and view all the answers

ما هو الحجم الكلي للمحلول بعد التخفيف إلى 1 في 5000؟

500 ml Signup and view all the answers

ماذا يحدث عند زيادة الفاصل الزمني بين كل جرعة عن الوقت المطلوب للإزالة الكاملة للجرعة السابقة؟

تنفصل ملفات تركيز الزمن للدواء إلى ملفات جرعة فردية معزولة Signup and view all the answers

ما هو التأثير الرئيسي لزيادة الفاصل الزمني بين الجرعات على ملف تركيز البلازما للدواء؟

يظهر نمطاً من ملفات جرعات فردية معزولة Signup and view all the answers

ما الذي ينبغي تجنبه لضمان عدم تجاوز زمن الإزالة للجرعة السابقة؟

زيادة الفواصل الزمنية بين الجرعات Signup and view all the answers

كيف يؤثر طول الفاصل الزمني بين الجرعات على الجرعات التالية؟

يسمح بإدارة الجرعات بشكل منفصل Signup and view all the answers

ما هي النتيجة المحتملة لطول الفاصل الزمني بين كل جرعة؟

تظهر ملفات غير متصلة من تأثير الدواء Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Electronic Course of Pharmaceutics I

Course code: PT 302
Second-level Pharm D Pharmacy students
Course contents include: routes of administration of drugs, dosage forms, medication order, posology and dosage regimen, pharmaceutical calculations, solutions, liquids as oral dosage forms, incompatibilities, solutions for administration into body cavities, liquids for external use, powders, and questions bank.

Introduction

Pharmaceutics includes dispensing and pharmaceutical technology.
Dispensing involves supplying medicine to patients according to a prescription and clarifying prescriber's wishes, preparing and labeling the medicine, along with the art of compounding and utilizing information.
Pharmaceutical technology includes the necessary technology for formulation and preparation of dosage forms.
Dosage forms deliver drugs to the site of action within the body and can be classified by administration route or nature.

Routes of Administration of Drugs (A- Systemic Effect)

Oral route:
- Drug administration orally for absorption into the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).
- Most common route.
- Convenient for self-administration.
- Suitable for most drugs except those rapidly inactivated in GIT.
- Drugs can be degraded by stomach pH or digestive enzymes.
- Not suitable in case of vomiting or unconsciousness.
- Absorption is slow and may be incomplete.
- Problems from first-pass effect.
Buccal and sublingual route:
- Drug administration into the buccal cavity or under the tongue.
- Avoids some oral route problems.
- Very rich in blood capillaries for rapid drug absorption.
- Absorbed drugs reach the systemic circulation, avoiding the first-pass effect.
Rectal route:
- Drug insertion into the rectum for absorption into the systemic circulation.
- Useful for drugs causing gastrointestinal (GI) irritation.
- Suitable for comatosed patients or in case of vomiting.
Inhalation route:
- Drug administration into the respiratory system via inhalation.
- Rapid absorption due to high blood flow and large surface area of alveoli.
- Useful for anesthetic gases, volatile liquids, and drugs dispersed in aerosol form.
- Nasal mucosa can also be used for systemic administration (nasal route).
Transdermal route:
- Drug absorption into the systemic circulation after application on the skin.
- Useful for drugs with short half-lives.
- Only suitable for potent drugs.
Parenteral route:
- Drug administration through injection.
- Intravenous (IV) route delivers the drug directly into the circulation.
- Injection volume varies from a fraction of a milliliter to 500ml.
- Drugs can be absorbed rapidly after intramuscular (IM) injection of aqueous solutions.
- Slower absorption can take place after subcutaneous (SC) injection.
- Other parenteral routes include: intra-articular, intraocular, intracardiac, and intracisternal.

Routes of Administration of Drugs (B- Local Effect)

Oral route: Drug absorption is not required, acting directly on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).
- Examples include adsorbents, antimicrobials, and antacids.
Topical route: Drug application to the body's epithelium.
- Provides local action at the application site.
- Includes dosage forms applied to the skin, cornea of the eye, nasal, rectal, vaginal, and urethral mucosa.

Dosage Forms

Tablets: Solid dosage forms prepared by compression for oral administration.
- Each tablet contains one or more drug doses.
- Can be swallowed with water, chewed (chewable tablets), or dispersed in water (dispersible or effervescent tablets).
Pills: Solid oral dosage forms composed of spherical masses from one or more active ingredients with inert excipients. Used rarely.
Cachets: Solid dosage forms molded from rice paper to enclose quantities of powder (up to 2 grams). Rarely used, commonly for unpleasantly tasting powdered drugs.
Capsules: Solid oral dosage forms made of gelatin to mask taste or protect from deterioration.
- Two types: hard gelatin capsules and soft gelatin capsules.
Powders (oral): Solid oral dosage forms.
- Bulk powders: Non-potent drugs (e.g., antacids) measured by spoon.
- Divided powders: Packaged individually as unit doses (wrapped in paper or sealed in sachets). Powder for mixtures: These are used in standard suspension mixtures. The powder is stored in dry form and reconstituted by a pharmacist when needed.
Granules: Solid oral dosage form of irregular particles (size 0.5-2 mm in diameter) often for single-dose sachets. May be placed on the tongue and swallowed with water or dissolved in water. Effervescent granules evolve carbon dioxide when added to water
Syrup(Syr.): Concentrated aqueous solution of sugar (sucrose). Used as a vehicle for syrup dosage forms, masking bitter tastes of drugs. Sucrose can increase dental decay.
Elixirs: Pleasingly flavored clear liquid oral preparations made for potent or nauseous drugs. They often contain a high proportion of ethanol as a vehicle.
Oral emulsions: Fine dispersion of oily liquid droplets in aqueous liquid (aqueous phase as the continuous liquid phase).
- Drugs may be dispersed in oily or aqueous phases.
Mixtures: Liquid oral preparations consisting of one or more medicaments dissolved or suspended in an aqueous vehicle.
Solutions: Liquid preparations containing one or more dissolved ingredients, for internal or external use.
Lozenges: Solid preparations primarily consisting of sugar and gum; designed for slow dissolution in the mouth.
- Provide strength, cohesiveness, and slow drug release.
- Used to treat mouth and throat issues, including indigestion and cough.
Pastilles: Solid medicated preparations dissolving slowly in the mouth.
- Softer than lozenges; base usually includes glycerol and gelatin or acacia and sugar.
Gargles: Aqueous solutions used for prevention/treatment of throat infections.
- Usually in concentrated form, requiring dilution prior to use.
Eye drops: Sterile solutions/suspensions of one or more medicaments administered into the conjunctival sac.
- May be packed in multiple application containers or in single dosage forms.
Eye lotions: Sterile aqueous solutions for bathing the eye.
- Usually contain bactericide/ first-aid solution to be discarded within 24 hours after opening.
Eye ointments: Sterile semisolid preparations applied to the conjunctiva or eyelid.
- Medicaments dissolved/ dispersed in a non-irritant base.
Ear drops: Solutions, suspensions, or emulsions of drugs for administration into the ear using a dropper.
Sprays: Drug preparations in aqueous, alcoholic, or glycerol-containing media.
- Administered to mucous membranes (nose, throat) using an atomizer or nebulizer.
Insufflations: Medicated powders for topical use in body cavities (nose, ears, throat with an insufflator ).
Nasal drops and sprays: Drug solutions administered into the nasal passages via dropper/ plastic squeeze bottle.
- The drugs can be antihistamine, vasoconstrictor, or decongestant, or peptide drugs showing systemic effect.
- Oily nasal drops are discouraged due to potential damage to cilia.
- Prolonged use of vasoconstrictors may lead to rebound vasodilation and nasal congestion.
Inhalations: Liquid preparations containing volatile substances for relief of respiratory congestion and inflammation.
- Often used in pressurized inhalers for metered dose delivery.
Pressurized aerosol dispensers: Pharmaceutical products packed in aerosol dispensers providing surface spray for disinfection or wound/burn dressings.
Suppositories: Solid preparations for insertion into the rectum.
- May melt, dissolve, or disperse to produce local or systemic effects.
Enemas: Solutions, suspensions, or emulsions for rectal administration, primarily for cleansing, therapeutic, or diagnostic purposes.
Pessaries: Solid preparations for vaginal insertion.
- Can be molded pessaries, compressed vaginal tablets, or vaginal capsules (soft gelatin).
Irrigation solutions: Sterile, pyrogen-free solutions for irrigating body cavities, surgical wounds, or urogenital systems.
Ointments: Semisolid, greasy preparations applied to the skin, rectum, or nasal mucosa.
Creams: Semisolid emulsions used externally.
Gels: Translucent or transparent non-greasy semisolid preparations mostly used externally.
- Gelling agents include gelatin, starch, sodium alginate, and cellulose derivatives.
Pasts: Semisolid preparations containing high proportions of fine powder for external use.
- The base may be anhydrous (paraffin) or water-soluble (e.g., glycerol).
Poultices: Paste-like preparations for external use to reduce pain and inflammation, often applied after warming.
Liniments: Fluid or semisolid preparations for skin application, often alcoholic or oily solutions/emulsions.
Colloidions: Liquid preparations for skin application.
- Pyroxylin dissolves in volatile liquids (ether or ethanol) to form a protective filmหลังการระเหย.
- Used to provide prolonged skin contact.
Lotions: Liquid preparations for skin application without friction.
Paints: Liquid preparations applied to skin or mucous membranes.
- Usually contain astringents, antiseptics, or analgesics.
- The organic solvent evaporates after application, leaving behind a thin film of the drug.
- Mucous membrane paints may be formulated with a viscous vehicle (e.g., glycerol) for better retention at the site of action.
Implants: Sterile disks or cylinders surgically implanted in body tissues to deliver one or more drugs over a long period.
Parenteral preparations: Sterile dosage forms containing one or more drugs intended for injection.
- Ampoules: Contain liquids (solution, suspension, or emulsion) in aqueous or non-aqueous vehicles, sometimes with powders.
- Vials: Primarily contain powders for injection after reconstitution, sometimes with liquid.
- Large-volume parenterals (IV infusions): Sterile aqueous solutions free from pyrogens, administered intravenously.

Sources of Information

Pharmacopoeia, Formularies, and Medicines Legislation provide a list of medicinal substances, crude drugs, and formulae for preparing pharmaceutical preparations.
- Prepared by recognized authorities approved by national governments (e.g., ministry of health).
- Includes the British Pharmacopoeia (BP), International Pharmacopoeia (IP), European Pharmacopoeia (EP), United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), British National Formulary (BNF), and Extra Pharmacopoeia (Martindale).

Medication Order

Licensed physicians or authorized prescribers issue medication orders.
Orders are usually recorded on prescription forms or physician's order forms (office/outpatient) or hospital inpatient order forms.
Oral medication order transmission is permitted except for controlled drugs.
Prescriptions are issued to patients and dispensed by pharmacists.
Physicians' orders usually go through a nurse to obtain the medication from the pharmacist.
Pharmacists provide a limited number of medications to the nurse/nursing station as floor/ward stock.

Interpreting the Order

Pharmacists must carefully check the legibility and accuracy of original physician's written orders.
Oral orders require immediate written documentation.
Oral order transmission should be avoided to minimize errors.

The Prescription

Prescription represents an order from physicians, dentists, or veterinarians for medicine, dressings, or appliances provided to a patient (or the animal owner).
Can be handwritten, typewritten, or transmitted via telephone in some instances.
- The format of the prescription must include patient information (name, address, age if under 12).
- The name, including the strength and quantity, of the medication to be provided.
- Instructions for patient use.
- Prescriber's details (profession, address, signature, date of prescription). -Proper labeling requirements.
- Bulk prescriptions are usually written for one patient; but if it’s for many or institutions, the information could be changed to the name of the institution.
Prescriptions for bulk delivery, if applied, are usually written for schools, institutions, etc.
Legal requirements for datation may apply to certain prescriptions. A request for repeat dispensing might be included, though this might not apply to NHS prescriptions or controlled drugs.
Incomplete prescriptions must be referred back to the physician for completion.

Posology and Dosage Regimen

Posology: The branch of medicine/pharmacy dealing with drug dosages.
Dose: The quantitative amount of medication administered to a patient for the intended medicinal effect.

Factors Affecting Drug Dosage

The goal is to achieve optimal therapeutic effect using the lowest possible dose.

Age: Newborn infants are more sensitive due to immature hepatic and renal function, potentially leading to drug accumulation and toxicity.
Body Weight: Official doses are commonly tailored for individuals weighing 70 kg/150 pounds but may need to adjust for lean or obese patients.
Sex: Women may exhibit different responses to certain drugs compared to men, especially during pregnancy and nursing.
Pathological State/premature condition: The patient's health condition can impact drug effectiveness, requiring adjusted dosages and precautions. Precautions on labels signal possible issues with the drug use.
- Warning: Used if the harm potential is higher than precaution use.
- Contraindication: Absolute prohibition use for specific health conditions.
Tolerance: Repeated drug use can reduce its effect, necessitating dose adjustments. Initial treatment with the lowest effective dose and avoiding prolonged use can help minimize tolerance development.

Drug-Drug Interactions: Concurrent use of different medications can modify drug effects.
Time of administration: Meal timing affects drug absorption. Absorption is usually faster when the stomach and upper intestine are empty compared to consuming food.
Route Administration: Intravenous (IV) administration results in immediate, full-blood concentration, whereas oral administration may be hindered by various barriers, leading to lower amounts of the drug entering the blood circulation.

Dosage Regimen (Cont'd)

Definitions:
- Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC): The minimum concentration needed for a drug to show its effect in 50% of tested subjects.
- Minimum Toxic Concentration (MTC): The minimum concentration that produces toxic effects in 50% of tested subjects.
- Therapeutic index: Ratio of a drug's minimum toxic dose to its minimum effective dose (TD50/ED50). A higher index indicates a safer drug.
Designing Dosage Regimen:
- Aims to maintain drug concentration within the therapeutic range consistently during the treatment duration.
How to design a satisfactory dosage regimen:
- Avoid short intervals, resulting in drug accumulation and potential toxicity.
If the dosing time interval is shorter than the required time for complete elimination of the prior dosage, then achieving the range of an appropriate steady state is reduced/absent, making the treatment unsatisfactory.

Dosage Statements

Initial loading or priming dose: A large initial dose given to quickly reach therapeutic plasma levels, maintained by subsequent smaller, regularly administered doses.
Maintenance doses: Smaller, equivalent doses given regularly to sustain therapeutic drug levels.
Prophylactic doses: Doses administered to prevent disease.
Therapeutic doses: Doses given to treat the existing illness.

Pharmaceutical Calculations

Working from master formula (MF):
- Dispensing factor (DF) calculation: DF = (amount required / total amount in MF).
Percentage concentrations (% w/v): Indicates the number (grams) of ingredient in 100 ml of product.
Percentage concentrations (% w/w): Indicates the number (grams) of ingredient in 100 grams of product.
Percentage concentrations (% v/v): Indicates the number of milliliters of ingredient in 100 ml of product.
Concentrations expressed as parts: Indicates the amount of a dissolved substance in parts of total volume (solution). For example, 1 in 100 means 1 part of substance in 100 parts of solution.
Preparing dilutions: Calculation of volumes of strong solutions needed to prepare dilute solutions. Uses the formula CcVc= CdVd

Antiseptic Solutions for Dilution by Patient

Dilution instructions should be provided for patient preparation, considering the required concentrations, volumes, and necessary precautions/ safety regulations, warnings or labels.
Preparation of antiseptic solutions should specify appropriate dilution methods, materials, and timing to prepare them.

Powders

Advantages: Good chemical stability, flexibility in compounding, easy to swallow (especially in liquid mixtures), smaller particle size increases drug bioavailability reducing gastric irritation.
Disadvantages: Can be unstable in atmospheric condition, difficult to administer to nauseous or corrosive substances, and the dose can be inaccurate in the case of bulk powder.
Types: Divided (packets, sachets, capsules) and bulk (dusting powder, effervescent powder, antacids, laxatives, dietary supplements).
Preparation: Reduction of all ingredient particle sizes, sieving, weighing, mixing, and packaging.

Liquids as Oral Dosage form

Elixirs: Sweetened, aromatized hydro-alcoholic solutions for oral administration. The vehicle is alcohol-water mixture, frequently sweetened with syrup. Glycerol may act as both sweetening agent and cosolvent, increasing drug solubility with propylene glycol. Elixirs prepared through mixing ingredients with appropriate solvents before being combined.
Linctuses: Viscous syrupy solutions providing demulcent, sedative, and/or expectorant actions for oral administration. They soothe sore throat mucous membranes. Dosing is usually 5ml, and for concentrated linctus, use syrup as a diluent. Codeine linctus needs dilution with chloroform water, freshly prepared for up to 2 weeks shelf life.
Mixtures: Intended for oral administration in either a simple or compound form for treating acute issues (cough, indigestion, diarrhea, constipation, or rheumatism if treatment duration is short). If the dose is less than 5ml or not a multiple of 5ml, it needs dilution before use, ideally stored no more than 24 hours. Can be true solutions, colloidal dispersions, or coarse dispersions (suspensions).

Solutions for Administration into Body Cavities

Enemas: Aqueous or oily solutions, suspensions, or emulsions introduced into the rectum for cleaning, therapeutic, or diagnostic purposes.
- Evacuant enema (simple evacuant enema, purgative enema, astringent enema, anthelminthic enema, carminative enema, oil enema, and cold enema): Used for bowel stimulation/treatment of constipation by softening stools.
- Retained enema (stimulant enema, anesthetic enema, emollient enema, and nutritive enema): Used for medication delivery (e.g., sedative) or to provide nutrients and treat other conditions (e.g., shock).
Nasal drops & sprays: Solutions, typically isotonic with nasal secretions and buffered to slightly acidic pH, used for nasal irritation, inflammation, and congestion relief, sometimes for systemic effects (e.g., peptide hormones).
- Packaging: Extemporaneous nasal drops use hexagonal amber glass bottles with dropper closures. Commercial ones might not have hexagonal shape. Shelf life may depend on the manufacturer.
- Directions: Proper dilution instructions should be included to achieve appropriate medical use in patients, avoiding unnecessary damage to nasal cilia.
Ear drops: Simple solutions to treat local ear conditions. May use water or other vehicles like glycerol/ propylene glycol.
- Shelf Life: Generally stable, but antibiotics need special care.
- Containers: Amber fluted dropper bottles are preferred, similar to nasal drops.
- Application Instruction: The specific application method, such as positioning the patient for proper drop instillation, should be carefully detailed in packaging instructions.
Mouth washes & gargles: Aqueous solutions (concentrated form) used for mouth and throat care/relief, possibly containing antiseptics/analgesics/stringents. Dilution is needed; swallowing should be avoided.
- Shelf life, containers, and patient information regarding how to use/ avoid excess use, if applicable should be appropriately and clearly mentioned.

Liquids for External Use (Liniments, Lotions, and Paints)

Liniments: Alcoholic or oleaginous solutions/emulsions for rubbing on skin; used when a rubefacient/counter-irritant effect is required.
Lotions: Liquid preparations for external use without friction, often containing insoluble ingredients in a vehicle, or potentially immiscible substances emulsified with emulsifying agents (e.g., benzyl benzoate).
Paints: Liquid preparations for skin/mucous membrane use, frequently including astringents, antiseptics, or analgesics. The solvent evaporates, leaving a thin film for direct skin or mucosal action, often with a viscous vehicle to hold the substance at the needed location.
Shelf life and containers: These preparations should be packaged and stored to protect against evaporation of volatile materials, possibly using fluted amber containers). Label instructions must include the safety/advice, like the precautions regarding naked flame for flammable solutions, etc.
Compounding notes: Relevant details concerning substances in the preparation, like the possible need of being diluted, how solvents might react, or separation issues, should be included.

Incompatibilities

General: Unsatisfactory combinations of two or more components causing changes to the physical, chemical, or therapeutic attributes of the preparation.
- Substances with opposite effects (therapeutic incompatibilities), or potentially, those that visibly change upon mixing(physical incompatibility), or those that react chemically to form different substances (chemical incompatibility) are examples.
Therapeutic incompatibility: Co-administered substances increase or decrease the effects of each other. Combinations showing synergistic or antagonistic outcomes need cautious observation by healthcare professionals due to potential complications arising from the drug's effect.
Physical incompatibility: Changes in color, odor, taste, viscosity, or morphology usually indicate physical incompatibility among two or more mixed substances, leading to unacceptable appearance or uniformity of the final product. Difficulty occurs when mixing/ measuring the accurate dose.
Chemical incompatibility: Two or more substances react chemically upon mixing, creating different compounds (chemical reaction), resulting in alterations in appearance, color, or the evolution of gases/precipitation.
- pH change, double decomposition reactions, and complex formation are among the chemical reactions that might cause inconsistency.
Handling of various components including solvents and/ or other preparations should be handled with utmost care to avoid potential reactions that might be inconsistent with the preparation, or produce hazardous compounds.
Solutions to incompatibilities: Adjustments in mixing order (i.e., diluting components before mixing), addition of stabilizers or emulsifying agents to address immiscibility or use different containers for different components to prevent problems.
Types of incompatibility:
- Immiscibility: Insoluble- or slightly soluble substances; solutions do not dissolve together or emulsion formation becomes unstable
- Insolubility: Solid substances fail to mix (diffuse) within the liquid preparation, demanding a suspending agent.
- Precipitation: A solid material precipitates (forms a solid phase) due to interaction changes.
- Liquification: Certain low-melting compounds liquefy, leading to the formation of a eutectic mixture.
- Adsorption: The adsorption of substances may affect the activity( or stability) of a drug.
Solutions for different incompatibilities: Dilute solutions to minimize chemical reactions or use inert substances to treat physical incompatibility among substances. If a particular issue pertains to a reaction involving solids or liquids, certain steps might be needed to balance the reaction (using buffers, emulsifiers).

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

يستكشف هذا الاختبار الأشكال الدوائية المستخدمة للتطبيق الشرجي ومعلومات حول المحاليل والجرعات. يتناول أيضًا الخصائص المطلوبة للحلول المستخدمة في هذا السياق. سيساعدك على فهم الاستخدامات الأساسية والاعتبارات اللازمة في الإعدادات الطبية.