AIDS TO HEALTH: Immunity and Defense Systems
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Questions and Answers

What type of immunity is developed through vaccination?

  • Naturally acquired passive immunity
  • Naturally acquired active immunity
  • Artificially acquired active immunity (correct)
  • Artificially acquired passive immunity

    • Antibodies produced by lymphocytes can bind to antigens and make bacteria easier to kill.

    True

    What is the source of antibodies in artificially acquired passive immunity?

    Outside source, usually from animal blood or serum.

    Naturally acquired passive immunity provides temporary immunity through antibodies that cross the _____ from the mother to the fetus.

    <p>placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of acquired immunity with their descriptions:

    <p>Naturally acquired active immunity = Immunity developed after natural infection Artificially acquired active immunity = Immunity developed through vaccination Naturally acquired passive immunity = Temporary immunity passed from mother to fetus Artificially acquired passive immunity = Temporary immunity received from injected antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the skin as a barrier against germs?

    <p>To prevent the entry of germs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hairs inside the nostrils help trap dust and germs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two different defence systems of the body?

    <p>Local Defence System and Internal Defence System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ acid secreted by the stomach kills germs that gain entry along with food.

    <p>Hydrochloric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following protective mechanisms with their descriptions:

    <p>Coughing = Expelling foreign objects from the respiratory system Mucus = Traps bacteria and prevents their entry Phagocytes = White blood cells that engulf microbes Hydrochloric acid = Kills germs in the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT part of the local defence system?

    <p>WBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coughing and sneezing are methods to keep germs inside the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What day is celebrated as World Health Day?

    <p>April 7th</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity provides effective and long-lasting protection?

    <p>Active Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Passive immunity is induced by infection or contact with immunogens.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a physical barrier that prevents the entry of germs?

    <p>The tough outermost layer of skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Active immunity is produced by one's own body after exposure to _____ or _____ with immunogens.

    <p>infection, contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of immunity with their characteristics:

    <p>Active Immunity = Effective after a certain time gap Passive Immunity = Immediately effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the local defense system in the body?

    <p>Preventing the entry of germs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Passive immunity can be obtained through vaccination.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are B cells responsible for in the immune response?

    <p>Antibody-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ vaccine contains a killed version of the pathogen.

    <p>inactivated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Antibiotics = Drugs that kill bacteria. Antiseptics = Used on living tissue to prevent infection. Disinfectants = Used on inanimate objects to kill germs. Vaccination = Introducing a weakened pathogen to stimulate immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of the body's local defense?

    <p>Antibodies from B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antiseptics can be safely used on inanimate objects.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What's the purpose of vaccination?

    <p>To stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ immune response is triggered when B cells produce antibodies.

    <p>adaptive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of immunity with its example:

    <p>Natural Active Immunity = Getting sick with chickenpox and recovering. Artificial Passive Immunity = Receiving an injection of antibodies from another source. Natural Passive Immunity = Antibodies transferred from mother to baby. Artificial Active Immunity = Getting vaccinated with the flu vaccine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a benefit of maintaining personal hygiene?

    <p>Decreased risk of infectious diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibiotics are effective against viral infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of World Health Day?

    <p>To raise awareness about maintaining health and preventing diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antiseptics are used to clean __________ to prevent infections.

    <p>wounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine usually provides long-lasting immunity?

    <p>Live attenuated vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a germ-killing body secretion?

    <p>Lysozyme in tears and saliva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The immune system acts only after germs have entered the body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of vaccination?

    <p>To develop immunity against specific diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ is a mechanical barrier that prevents entry of germs into the body.

    <p>skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of vaccine with its example:

    <p>Killed germs = TAB vaccine for typhoid Living weakened germs = Measles vaccine Toxoids = Diphtheria vaccine Living fully poisonous germs = Smallpox vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vaccines is made using inactivated toxins?

    <p>Diphtheria vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mother's antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is introduced to stimulate WBCs to produce antibodies?

    <p>Vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vaccination against cowpox protects against _______.

    <p>smallpox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is present without any external stimulation?

    <p>Innate Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the full form of BCG in relation to vaccination?

    <p>Bacillus Calmette Guérin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Specific innate immunity provides general resistance to all infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of antibodies in the immune system?

    <p>To react with invading germs and their toxins to provide protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____________ immunity is acquired during an individual's lifetime.

    <p>Acquired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of immunity with its description:

    <p>Innate Immunity = Natural or native immunity present at birth Acquired Immunity = Immunity gained through exposure to pathogens Passive Immunity = Immunity supplied from outside sources Active Immunity = Immunity that the body produces on its own</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism through which WBCs engulf and destroy germs?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Passive immunity involves the production of antibodies by the individual's own body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the body fluids encounter harmful microbes?

    <p>They fight against the germs using antibodies and antitoxins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    WBCs are squeezed out of blood capillaries through a process known as __________.

    <p>diapedesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of active immunity is conferred through vaccinations?

    <p>Artificial Active Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an antiseptic?

    <p>Iodine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibiotics can be created synthetically as well as produced from microorganisms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered Penicillin?

    <p>Alexander Fleming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first antibiotic, __________, was discovered in 1929.

    <p>Penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following antibiotics with their sources:

    <p>Penicillin = Penicillium notatum Streptomycin = Streptomyces Amoxicillin = Synthetic Chloramphenicol = Synthetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding disinfectants?

    <p>They may cause harm to skin and body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'antibiotics' was coined by Alexander Fleming.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one use of antibiotics in food.

    <p>Food preservatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of penicillin?

    <p>Prevents cell wall formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Streptomycin is an antibiotic that binds to bacterial ribosomes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List two examples of sulphonamide drugs.

    <p>Sulphadiazine, sulphanilamide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The medicine ________ was used in 1910 to treat syphilis and sleeping sickness.

    <p>salvarsan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following antibiotics with their primary action:

    <p>Penicillin = Inhibits cell wall formation Streptomycin = Inhibits protein synthesis Sulphonamides = Interferes with bacterial metabolism Salvarsan = Targets specific bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding antibiotic usage?

    <p>Antibiotics are produced synthetically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibiotics are rarely used today as standalone treatments.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does BCG stand for in BCG vaccination?

    <p>Bacillus Calmette-Guérin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The treatment method that uses chemicals to fight diseases is known as ________.

    <p>chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about antibiotics is false?

    <p>They are effective against all types of infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered an antiseptic?

    <p>Cresol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antiseptics can be used safely on the human skin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first antibiotic discovered?

    <p>Penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibodies are produced in response to _____.

    <p>antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following chemical substances to their category:

    <p>Boric acid = Antiseptic Cresol = Disinfectant Penicillin = Antibiotic Formalin = Disinfectant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of disinfectants?

    <p>They are strong chemicals applied to surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antitoxins are produced by the body to counteract toxins.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered the first antibiotic?

    <p>Alexander Fleming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ are substances that can kill microorganisms.

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about antiseptics is correct?

    <p>They are safe for use on human skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Personal and Community Health

    • Maintaining health requires both personal care and community involvement.
    • Personal health strategies include cleanliness, exercise, proper diet, rest, and sleep.
    • Community health efforts focus on cleanliness and preventing disease-spreading environments.

    Immunity Overview

    • Immunity is the body's defense mechanism against harmful substances like pollutants and pathogens.
    • Pathogens can enter the body through skin, mucous membranes, food, or air.
    • The defense system operates at two levels: local defense and immune system.

    Local Defense System

    • First line of defense comprised of mechanical barriers and immune responses.
    • Protective Barriers:
      • Skin: Keratin layer, sweat, and wounds prevent infections.
      • Hairs: Trap dust and germs in nostrils and ears.
      • Mucus: Secreted in respiratory and digestive tracts to trap impurities.
    • Ejection Mechanisms: Coughing, sneezing, and vomiting help expel harmful substances.
    • Germ-Killing Secretions:
      • Saliva, tears, nasal secretions, and hydrochloric acid in the stomach kill germs.
    • White Blood Cells (WBCs):
      • Neutrophils and macrophages engulf and destroy invaders.
      • Lymphocytes (T cells and B cells) are crucial for adaptive immunity responses.

    Active vs. Passive Immunity

    • Active Immunity:
      • Body produces its own antibodies upon exposure to pathogens.
      • Types include:
        • Natural Active Immunity: Following infections.
        • Artificial Active Immunity: Following vaccinations.
    • Passive Immunity:
      • Antibodies are received from another source and provide temporary protection.
      • Types include:
        • Natural Passive Immunity: From mother to fetus.
        • Artificial Passive Immunity: Through injected antibodies from other sources.

    Vaccination

    • Involves introducing a weakened or inactive pathogen to stimulate antibody production.
    • Types of vaccines:
      • Live Attenuated Vaccines: Weakened pathogens offering long-lasting immunity (e.g., MMR).
      • Inactivated Vaccines: Killed pathogens offering short-term immunity (e.g., flu).
      • Toxoid Vaccines: Harmful toxins inactivated to prompt immunity (e.g., tetanus).
      • Subunit Vaccines: Specific parts of pathogens for safety (e.g., hepatitis B).

    Immunization

    • The process of making individuals immune through vaccination or other agents to stimulate the immune system.
    • Essential for disease prevention.

    Antiseptics vs. Disinfectants

    • Antiseptics: Chemicals that kill/inhibit microorganisms on living tissues (e.g., alcohol, hydrogen peroxide).
    • Disinfectants: Chemicals that kill/inhibit microorganisms on inanimate objects (e.g., bleach, Lysol).

    Antibiotics

    • Drugs that kill or inhibit bacterial growth, ineffective against viruses.
    • Complete the full course as directed by healthcare professionals to prevent resistance.

    Importance of Hygiene

    • Essential for controlling infectious diseases and promoting health.
    • Key practices include:
      • Frequent handwashing.
      • Daily oral hygiene.
      • Regular bathing and personal cleanliness.
      • Avoiding sharing personal items.

    Community Involvement

    • Essential for public health maintenance.
    • Ways to contribute include:
      • Supporting health organizations.
      • Participating in health events.
      • Advocating for health policies.
      • Volunteering health services.

    Summary of Aids to Health

    • Combines personal hygiene and community efforts to combat infectious diseases.
    • Discusses the immune response, emphasizing local defense and the immune system's role.
    • Highlights the significance of vaccination, antibiotics, and hygiene practices in promoting overall health.### Body's Defence Against Disease-Causing Germs
    • Antibodies in blood provide immunity; individuals may not suffer from diseases even if exposed.
    • Immunity duration varies: short-lived for colds and cholera, long-lasting for smallpox and measles.

    Barriers to Germ Entry

    • Mechanical Barriers:
      • Skin acts as a tough outer layer.
      • Blood clots seal cuts to prevent entry.
    • Killing Entry Mechanisms:
      • Hairs and mucus trap germs in the nose and respiratory tract; cilia help expel them.

    Germ-Killing and Trapping Bodily Secretions

    • Germ-Killing: Lysozyme found in tears and saliva.
    • Germ-Trapping: Mucus in the respiratory tract.

    Immunity Overview

    • Immune system responds to germs post-entry.
    • Antibodies neutralize rather than consume germs.
    • Humans are generally immune to diseases specific to dogs.

    Vaccination & Immunization

    • Vaccination introduces germs or their components to develop disease resistance; known as prophylaxis.
    • Vaccines stimulate WBCs to produce antibodies.
    • Types of Vaccines:
      • Killed germs (e.g., TAB vaccine for typhoid).
      • Weakened living germs (e.g., measles vaccine).
      • Poisonous germs (e.g., cowpox for smallpox prevention).
      • Toxoids (e.g., diphtheria and tetanus vaccines).

    National Immunisation Schedule (India)

    • 3-12 Months:
      • DPT - 3 doses.
      • Polio - 3 doses (oral).
      • BCG - one dose.
    • 9-15 Months:
      • Measles vaccine - one dose.

    Antiseptics and Disinfectants

    • Antiseptics:
      • Mild, skin-safe germ-killers (e.g., iodine).
    • Disinfectants:
      • Stronger substances, may harm skin (e.g., phenol).

    Antibiotics

    • Chemical substances that destroy microorganisms; first antibiotic was Penicillin discovered in 1929.
    • Alexander Fleming identified Penicillium mould's antibacterial properties.
    • Streptomycin derived from the bacterium Streptomyces.
    • Antibiotics are used in medicine, as preservatives, in animal feed, and to control plant pathogens.

    Mechanism of Antibiotics

    • Penicillin disrupts bacterial cell wall formation; Streptomycin inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria.

    Sulphonamides

    • Discovered in the 1930s, effective against bacterial diseases.
    • Examples include Sulphadiazine and Sulphanilamide, often used in combination with antibiotics.

    Summary of Key Terms

    • Toxin: Poisonous substance produced by organisms.
    • Antitoxin: Body-produced response to toxins; now referred to as antibodies.
    • Vaccine: Material introduced to develop immunity.
    • Immunization: Process of inducing antibody production through exposure to germs or their components.

    Importance of Antiseptics

    • Used to prevent infections by killing germs without damaging skin.

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    Description

    Explore the concepts of active and passive immunity in this chapter on aids to health. Understand the roles of vaccination, immunization, and other defense mechanisms, as well as the differences between antiseptics and disinfectants. This quiz will enhance your knowledge about personal care and community health involvement.

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