AICE Psychology - Conditioning and Learning

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Questions and Answers

What term describes the unconscious determinants of behavior?

Behavioral

Biological

Psychodynamic (correct)

Cognitive

What is defined as the effects of the environment on the overt behavior of humans and animals?

Humanistic

Evolutionary

Behavioral (correct)

Cognitive

What term refers to thoughts and mental processes?

Behavior

Cognitive (correct)

Gestalt

Psychodynamic

What is the physiological basis of behavior in humans and animals?

Biological Signup and view all the answers

What refers to human behavior across different cultures?

Cross Cultural Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for the evolutionary bases of behavior in humans and animals?

Evolutionary Signup and view all the answers

What emphasizes the unique aspects of human experience?

Humanistic Signup and view all the answers

What definition best describes behavior?

Anything an organism does that is observable Signup and view all the answers

What are mental processes?

The internal, subjective processes we infer based on behavior Signup and view all the answers

What does Tabula Rasa refer to?

A clean slate in the human mind Signup and view all the answers

What method involves describing conscious experiences?

Introspection Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of structuralism?

Basic elements of thoughts and emotions Signup and view all the answers

What does Gestalt Psychology emphasize?

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts Signup and view all the answers

What does natural selection refer to?

Traits leading to increased reproduction and survival Signup and view all the answers

What is the biopsychosocial model?

A more integrated approach that considers biology, psychology, and social-cultural factors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic premise of behavioral psychology?

Only observable events can be studied scientifically. Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic premise of psychoanalytic psychology?

Unconscious motives and early experiences govern personality and mental disorders. Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic premise of humanistic psychology?

Humans are free, rational beings with the potential for personal growth. Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic premise of cognitive psychology?

Human behavior cannot be fully understood without examining mental information processing. Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic premise of biological psychology?

An organism's functioning can be explained in terms of bodily structures and biochemical processes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic premise of evolutionary psychology?

Behavior patterns have evolved to solve adaptive problems. Signup and view all the answers

What is learning?

A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience. Signup and view all the answers

What is classical conditioning?

A form of learning where two stimuli are linked. Signup and view all the answers

What is a stimulus?

Anything in the environment that causes a response. Signup and view all the answers

What is a neutral stimulus?

A stimulus that initially produces no specific response. Signup and view all the answers

What is an unconditioned response (UCR)?

An unlearned or natural response to a stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

An unlearned or natural event that triggers a response. Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned response (CR)?

A learned response or behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

An event that we have learned to respond to in some way. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Pavlov and what were his experiments?

Ivan Pavlov is the father of classical conditioning; he trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell. Signup and view all the answers

Would Pavlov be considered ethical or unethical? Why or why not?

Unethical, because he used methods that did not allow for free will. Signup and view all the answers

How does classical conditioning work?

It starts with an unconditioned stimulus and response, followed by pairing with a neutral stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Psychology Perspectives

Psychodynamic: Focuses on unconscious determinants of behavior.
Behavioral: Studies the effects of the environment on observable behavior in humans and animals.
Cognitive: Involves mental processes and thoughts.
Biological: Examines the physiological bases of behavior in humans and animals.
Cross Cultural: Explores human behavior across various cultures.
Evolutionary: Investigates evolutionary bases for behavior in humans and animals.
Humanistic: Emphasizes unique aspects of human experiences and potential for growth.

Key Concepts

Behavior: Any observable action made by an organism.
Mental Processes: Internal and subjective processes inferred from behavior.
Tabula Rasa: The idea of the human mind as a blank slate at birth, unformed by experiences.
Introspection: The practice of describing one’s conscious experiences.
Structuralism: Aims to analyze basic elements of thoughts and emotions.
Gestalt Psychology: Argues that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
Natural Selection: Traits favoring survival and reproduction are more likely to be passed on.

Psychological Models

Biopsychosocial Model: Integrates biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences to understand behavior.
Behavioral Psychology: Focuses exclusively on observable events and stimulus-response relations.
Psychoanalytic Psychology: Attributes personality and mental disorders to unconscious motives from early experiences.
Humanistic Psychology: Asserts that humans are free and rational, capable of personal growth unlike animals.
Cognitive Psychology: Insists that behavior is tied to how information is processed and stored.
Biological Psychology: Links behavior to physiological structures and chemical processes.
Evolutionary Psychology: Connects behavior patterns to adaptive problems solved through natural selection.

Learning and Conditioning

Learning: A lasting change in behavior resulting from experience.
Classical Conditioning: Learning through the association of two stimuli.
Stimulus: Any environmental event that elicits a response.
Neutral Stimulus: Initially does not elicit a specific response but draws attention.
Unconditioned Response (UCR): A natural, unlearned reaction to a stimulus.
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): An event that naturally triggers an unlearned response.
Conditioned Response (CR): A learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A stimulus that, after conditioning, prompts a learned response.

Pavlov and Classical Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov: Recognized as the father of classical conditioning through his notable experiments with dogs.
Pavlov's Experiment: Demonstrated dogs can be trained to salivate at the sound of a bell, associating it with food.
Ethics of Pavlov’s Experiment: Considered unethical due to the lack of free will inherent in classical conditioning mechanisms.

Classical Conditioning Process

Begins with an unconditioned stimulus that generates an unconditioned response.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts in AICE Psychology related to history and perspectives, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. It features key terms and their definitions critical for understanding behavior theories. Test your knowledge on these foundational ideas.