AICE Psychology - Conditioning and Learning

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What term describes the unconscious determinants of behavior?

  • Behavioral
  • Biological
  • Psychodynamic (correct)
  • Cognitive

What is defined as the effects of the environment on the overt behavior of humans and animals?

  • Humanistic
  • Evolutionary
  • Behavioral (correct)
  • Cognitive

What term refers to thoughts and mental processes?

  • Behavior
  • Cognitive (correct)
  • Gestalt
  • Psychodynamic

What is the physiological basis of behavior in humans and animals?

<p>Biological (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to human behavior across different cultures?

<p>Cross Cultural (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for the evolutionary bases of behavior in humans and animals?

<p>Evolutionary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emphasizes the unique aspects of human experience?

<p>Humanistic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What definition best describes behavior?

<p>Anything an organism does that is observable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mental processes?

<p>The internal, subjective processes we infer based on behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Tabula Rasa refer to?

<p>A clean slate in the human mind (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method involves describing conscious experiences?

<p>Introspection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of structuralism?

<p>Basic elements of thoughts and emotions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Gestalt Psychology emphasize?

<p>The whole is greater than the sum of its parts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does natural selection refer to?

<p>Traits leading to increased reproduction and survival (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the biopsychosocial model?

<p>A more integrated approach that considers biology, psychology, and social-cultural factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic premise of behavioral psychology?

<p>Only observable events can be studied scientifically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic premise of psychoanalytic psychology?

<p>Unconscious motives and early experiences govern personality and mental disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic premise of humanistic psychology?

<p>Humans are free, rational beings with the potential for personal growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic premise of cognitive psychology?

<p>Human behavior cannot be fully understood without examining mental information processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic premise of biological psychology?

<p>An organism's functioning can be explained in terms of bodily structures and biochemical processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic premise of evolutionary psychology?

<p>Behavior patterns have evolved to solve adaptive problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is learning?

<p>A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is classical conditioning?

<p>A form of learning where two stimuli are linked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a stimulus?

<p>Anything in the environment that causes a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a neutral stimulus?

<p>A stimulus that initially produces no specific response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an unconditioned response (UCR)?

<p>An unlearned or natural response to a stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

<p>An unlearned or natural event that triggers a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned response (CR)?

<p>A learned response or behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

<p>An event that we have learned to respond to in some way.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Pavlov and what were his experiments?

<p>Ivan Pavlov is the father of classical conditioning; he trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Would Pavlov be considered ethical or unethical? Why or why not?

<p>Unethical, because he used methods that did not allow for free will.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does classical conditioning work?

<p>It starts with an unconditioned stimulus and response, followed by pairing with a neutral stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Psychodynamic Perspective

A branch of psychology that focuses on the unconscious determinants of behavior. It explores how childhood experiences and repressed emotions shape our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Behavioral Perspective

Studies the effects of the environment on observable behavior. Behaviorists believe that learning occurs through interactions with the environment.

Biological Perspective

Examines the physiological bases of behavior. It investigates how biological factors, such as brain structures, neurotransmitters, and hormones, influence our thoughts, emotions, and actions.

Cross-cultural Perspective

Examines human behavior across different cultures. It explores how cultural norms, values, and beliefs influence psychological processes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Evolutionary Perspective

Focuses on how evolutionary processes have shaped our behavior. It seeks to understand the adaptive significance of specific traits and behaviors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Humanistic Perspective

Emphasizes human experiences, individuality, and potential for growth. It suggests that humans are innately good and strive to reach their full potential.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Behavior

Any observable action made by an organism. It includes both internal and external actions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mental Processes

Internal and subjective processes inferred from behavior. They include thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and memories.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tabula Rasa

The idea that the human mind is a blank slate at birth. It proposes that all knowledge and experiences are acquired through learning and interactions with the environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Introspection

The practice of describing one's conscious experiences. It involves reflecting on and reporting one's own thoughts, feelings, and sensations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Structuralism

The school of psychology that aims to analyze the basic elements of thoughts and emotions. It seeks to identify the simplest components of consciousness.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gestalt Psychology

The idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. It emphasizes that perception is a holistic process, where meaning emerges from the interaction of elements.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Natural Selection

The process by which traits that enhance survival and reproduction are more likely to be passed on to future generations. This leads to the evolution of species over time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Biopsychosocial Model

A model that integrates biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences to understand behavior. It recognizes the complex interplay of these factors in contributing to our well-being.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Behavioral Psychology

A branch of psychology that focuses exclusively on observable events and stimulus-response relations. It proposes that behavior is learned through conditioning and reinforcement.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Psychoanalytic Psychology

A school of psychology that attributes personality and mental disorders to unconscious motives from early experiences. It emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind in shaping our behavior.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Humanistic Psychology

A perspective that asserts humans are free and rational, capable of personal growth and self-actualization. It emphasizes the unique qualities and potential of each individual.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cognitive Psychology

A field that explores the relationship between mental processes and behavior. It investigates how we acquire, process, store, and use information to make decisions and solve problems.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Biological Psychology

A field that investigates the biological bases of behavior. It explores how the brain, nervous system, and hormones influence our actions, thoughts, and emotions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Evolutionary Psychology

A field that explores the evolutionary roots of behavior. It seeks to understand how natural selection has shaped our mental abilities, emotions, and social behaviors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Learning

A lasting change in behavior resulting from experience. It can occur through different methods like classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or observational learning.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Classical Conditioning

Learning through the association of two stimuli. A neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to the neutral stimulus eliciting a conditioned response.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stimulus

Any environmental event that elicits a response. It can be a physical object, a sound, or a smell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neutral Stimulus

Initially does not elicit a specific response but draws attention. It's a stimulus that becomes significant after it's paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

A natural, unlearned reaction to a stimulus. It's not a result of learning and is automatically elicited by the stimulus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

An event that naturally triggers an unlearned response. It's something that reliably elicits the unconditioned response without prior learning.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Conditioned Response (CR)

A learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus. It's acquired through the pairing of the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A stimulus that, after conditioning, prompts a learned response. It was previously neutral but has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ivan Pavlov

Recognized as the father of classical conditioning through his notable experiments with dogs. He discovered that dogs could be trained to salivate at the sound of a bell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pavlov's Experiment

Demonstrated dogs can be trained to salivate at the sound of a bell, associating it with food. This experiment illustrated the principles of classical conditioning.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ethics of Pavlov's Experiment

The use of classical conditioning in psychology experiments raises ethical concerns. Critics point out that the organisms involved lack free will and may be subjected to potentially distressing stimuli.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Classical Conditioning Process

Starts with an unconditioned stimulus that triggers an unconditioned response. This is then paired with a neutral stimulus. The pairing leads to the neutral stimulus becoming a conditioned stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Psychology Perspectives

  • Psychodynamic: Focuses on unconscious determinants of behavior.
  • Behavioral: Studies the effects of the environment on observable behavior in humans and animals.
  • Cognitive: Involves mental processes and thoughts.
  • Biological: Examines the physiological bases of behavior in humans and animals.
  • Cross Cultural: Explores human behavior across various cultures.
  • Evolutionary: Investigates evolutionary bases for behavior in humans and animals.
  • Humanistic: Emphasizes unique aspects of human experiences and potential for growth.

Key Concepts

  • Behavior: Any observable action made by an organism.
  • Mental Processes: Internal and subjective processes inferred from behavior.
  • Tabula Rasa: The idea of the human mind as a blank slate at birth, unformed by experiences.
  • Introspection: The practice of describing one’s conscious experiences.
  • Structuralism: Aims to analyze basic elements of thoughts and emotions.
  • Gestalt Psychology: Argues that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
  • Natural Selection: Traits favoring survival and reproduction are more likely to be passed on.

Psychological Models

  • Biopsychosocial Model: Integrates biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences to understand behavior.
  • Behavioral Psychology: Focuses exclusively on observable events and stimulus-response relations.
  • Psychoanalytic Psychology: Attributes personality and mental disorders to unconscious motives from early experiences.
  • Humanistic Psychology: Asserts that humans are free and rational, capable of personal growth unlike animals.
  • Cognitive Psychology: Insists that behavior is tied to how information is processed and stored.
  • Biological Psychology: Links behavior to physiological structures and chemical processes.
  • Evolutionary Psychology: Connects behavior patterns to adaptive problems solved through natural selection.

Learning and Conditioning

  • Learning: A lasting change in behavior resulting from experience.
  • Classical Conditioning: Learning through the association of two stimuli.
  • Stimulus: Any environmental event that elicits a response.
  • Neutral Stimulus: Initially does not elicit a specific response but draws attention.
  • Unconditioned Response (UCR): A natural, unlearned reaction to a stimulus.
  • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): An event that naturally triggers an unlearned response.
  • Conditioned Response (CR): A learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus.
  • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A stimulus that, after conditioning, prompts a learned response.

Pavlov and Classical Conditioning

  • Ivan Pavlov: Recognized as the father of classical conditioning through his notable experiments with dogs.
  • Pavlov's Experiment: Demonstrated dogs can be trained to salivate at the sound of a bell, associating it with food.
  • Ethics of Pavlov’s Experiment: Considered unethical due to the lack of free will inherent in classical conditioning mechanisms.

Classical Conditioning Process

  • Begins with an unconditioned stimulus that generates an unconditioned response.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

More Like This

Psychology Chapter 7 Flashcards
13 questions
Psychology: Types of learning
10 questions

Psychology: Types of learning

TrustingVorticism3746 avatar
TrustingVorticism3746
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser