Questions and Answers
Which of the following principles of learning involves voluntary behavior and reinforcement or punishment?
What is classical conditioning?
A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, resulting in a conditioned response.
What is the term for the diminished response to a conditioned stimulus during extinction in classical conditioning?
Which schedule of reinforcement is described as providing reinforcement for a behavior after a fixed time?
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What is taste aversion?
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What does latent learning imply?
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Who proposed the social learning theory?
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What is insight learning?
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The learning that occurs as a result of observing others is known as __________ learning.
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What is the main focus of behavior modification?
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What is the role of biofeedback in behavioral psychology?
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What was Ivan Pavlov known for?
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Who demonstrated taste aversion in rats?
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Study Notes
General Conditioning Principles
- Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses through association (e.g., Pavlov's dogs).
- Operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors influenced by rewards or punishment (e.g., Skinner's box).
- Observational learning allows individuals to learn through watching others (e.g., Bandura's Bobo doll experiment).
Classical Conditioning Phenomena
- Acquisition: Learning when a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) to trigger a conditioned response (CR).
- Extinction: Reduction of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus (CS) no longer predicts the US.
- Spontaneous Recovery: Reappearance of an extinguished response after a rest period.
- Generalization: Tendency to respond similarly to stimuli resembling the CS.
- Discrimination: Ability to distinguish between the CS and other non-relevant stimuli.
- Higher-Order Conditioning: Process where a new NS becomes a CS through association with an existing CS.
Effects of Operant Conditioning
- Positive Reinforcement: Introduction of a desirable stimulus to increase behavior frequency.
- Negative Reinforcement: Removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior (e.g., taking aspirin to relieve a headache).
- Punishment: Administering an undesirable outcome to decrease unwanted behavior, which can lead to negative side effects such as fear and aggression.
Reinforcement Schedules
- Fixed-Ratio: Reinforcement after a set number of responses (e.g., coffee reward program).
- Fixed-Interval: Reinforcement after a specified time (e.g., weekly sales).
- Variable-Ratio: Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses (e.g., slot machines).
- Variable-Interval: Reinforcement after a random amount of time (e.g., checking social media).
Biological Constraints on Learning
- Biological predispositions affect the ease of forming associations in classical conditioning, aiding survival.
- Operant conditioning is also limited by biological factors; behaviors cannot easily override these constraints.
Types of Learning
- Insight Learning: Immediate problem-solving without trial-and-error (e.g., Kohler’s chimps).
- Latent Learning: Learning that is not immediately obvious and becomes apparent with reinforcement.
- Social Learning: Learning behaviors by observing others, including both prosocial (helpful) and antisocial (harmful) behaviors.
Application of Learning Principles
- Emotional Learning: Emotional responses derived from association experiences.
- Taste Aversion: Associating a specific taste with a negative reaction (e.g., Garcia's research with rats).
- Superstitious Behavior: Misattributing success to unrelated actions.
- Learned Helplessness: A state where an individual feels unable to change their situation due to previous experiences of lack of control.
Behavioral Management Techniques
- Behavior Modification: Systematic approaches to changing behavior through reinforcement.
- Biofeedback: Use of monitoring devices to teach self-regulation of physiological functions.
- Coping Strategies: Methods to manage stress and challenges effectively.
Key Contributors to Learning Psychology
- Albert Bandura: Pioneer of observational learning theory.
- John Garcia: Noted for taste aversion studies.
- Ivan Pavlov: Groundbreaking research in classical conditioning.
- Robert Rescorla: Developed the contingency model of conditioning.
- B.F. Skinner: Key figure in operant conditioning theories.
- Edward Thorndike: Known for the law of effect in learning.
- Edward Tolman: Introduced concepts of cognitive maps in learning.
- John B. Watson: Established behaviorism, emphasizing observable behaviors.
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Description
Explore essential concepts from Psychology Chapter 7 with these flashcards focused on topics like classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. Each card highlights key differences and definitions to enhance your understanding of learning principles.
