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What is the primary function of a file system?

  • To enhance graphics rendering in operating systems
  • To organize and identify files on a storage device (correct)
  • To compress files for storage efficiency
  • To execute network communication protocols

    • Which file system is known for its security features?

  • NTFS (correct)
  • ext4
  • RAW
  • FAT32

    • What does the acronym NFS stand for in the context of file systems?

  • Non-Functional Storage
  • New File Structure
  • Networked Formatting System
  • Network File System (correct)

    • Which of the following file systems is standard on GNU/Linux?

    <p>ext</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a RAW file system indicate about a storage drive?

    <p>The drive is not processed or formatted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which variant of the FAT file system is specifically used by early Windows operating systems?

    <p>FAT16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which file system is more effective against small- and medium-sized files?

    <p>ext</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does drive management software serve in a computer system?

    <p>It manages and controls drive storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the -l option in the fdisk command?

    <p>To list the partition tables of peripheral devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What command is used to create a partition in fdisk interactive mode?

    <p>n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the -s option do in fdisk?

    <p>Prints the specified partition size in sectors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which command would you use to delete a partition in fdisk interactive mode?

    <p>d</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can you save changes and exit in fdisk?

    <p>w</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the command 't' accomplish in fdisk?

    <p>Change the system ID of a partition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In fdisk interactive mode, what would pressing 'm' provide?

    <p>Display the help menu.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What command would you use in fdisk to list existing partitions?

    <p>p</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the IDE interface refer to in terms of drive technology?

    <p>It is the earliest general standard for hard disk drives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drive interface is specifically designed for high-performance use in servers?

    <p>Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of using SCSI drives compared to SATA drives?

    <p>Higher cost and louder noise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What command is used in Linux to view all drives in the system, including mounted and unmounted ones?

    <p>fdisk -l</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes Fibre Channel (FC) interfaces?

    <p>They enhance I/O performance using fiber optics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) from traditional SCSI?

    <p>It provides improved performance through serial connections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of SCSI drives?

    <p>Lower noise levels compared to SATA drives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of storage media, what is the main distinction between HDD and SSD?

    <p>SSDs have no moving parts, while HDDs do.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of swap space in a system?

    <p>To temporarily store data that is not in use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increasing swap space size compare to adding physical memory in terms of cost-effectiveness?

    <p>Swap space increase is more cost-effective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What system feature commonly utilizes swap space when the system hibernates?

    <p>Memory data storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which command is NOT used in creating a swap partition?

    <p>mkdir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended swap size for a system with 6 GB of RAM?

    <p>6 GB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a swap file and a swap partition?

    <p>Swap files can coexist with other files, whereas swap partitions cannot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be done after creating a swap file for it to be functional?

    <p>It needs to be formatted and enabled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended swap size for a system with more than 8 GB of RAM?

    <p>8 GB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be created after an extended partition in order to utilize the allocated space?

    <p>Logical partition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does entering the letter 'e' during the fdisk process accomplish?

    <p>It creates an extended partition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant limitation of the old MBR partitioning scheme?

    <p>Maximum partition size of 2 TB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the 'w' command in the fdisk process?

    <p>To save changes and exit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During partition creation, what happens when you enter 'p' in fdisk?

    <p>It displays the partition layout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be entered to create a logical partition after an extended partition has been made?

    <p>Enter n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major advantage of using the GUID Partition Table (GPT) over MBR?

    <p>Supports more than 4 partitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does entering a default value during partition creation typically mean?

    <p>Using the maximum allowable size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the command 'mkfs' primarily do?

    <p>It formats a specified partition and creates a file system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which command option allows for verbose output when using mkfs?

    <p>-V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why must a formatted drive be mounted in Linux?

    <p>Because of the 'Everything is a file' design in Linux.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the default file system type specified by the mkfs command in Linux?

    <p>ext2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What command is used to format a partition named sdb2 in ext4 format?

    <p>mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a drive when it's mounted?

    <p>It is linked to a file or directory for access.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What command can you run after formatting to view information about the drive?

    <p>ll /dev/sdb2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which would you use to check a partition for bad blocks before formatting?

    <p>-c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    File System and Storage Management

    • This course covers basic file systems, drive storage, and logical volume storage.
    • It details how to manage and use the file system and storage, along with common commands.
    • The course aims to provide understanding of basic file system and storage concepts, mounting and using storage drives, and managing logical volumes.

    Objectives

    • Students will gain knowledge of fundamental file systems and storage concepts.
    • Students will learn how to mount and use drive storage.
    • Students will understand methods for managing logical volumes.

    Contents

    • Basic Concepts of File Systems:

      • File Systems on openEuler
      • Swap Space

    • Mounting and Using Drive Storage:

      • Drive Basics
      • Drive Partitioning
      • Formatting and Mounting

    • Logical Volume Management:

      • Logical Volume Basics
      • Managing Logical Volumes
      • Dynamically Resizing Logical Volumes

    File System Overview

    • A file system is a method and data structure used by an operating system to identify files on a storage device.
    • It's a way to organize files on a storage device.
    • A file management system (or file system) manages and stores file data within an OS.
    • Has user-friendly interfaces and drive management software akin to middleware.
    • Manages underlying storage hardware, like drives and partitions.
    • Includes APIs for software stack object control and management.

    File System Types and Application Scenarios

    • Common File Systems and their Application Scenarios:
      • FAT (FAT16, FAT32): Used by Windows 9X OSs.
      • NTFS: A security-based file system used by Windows NT (updated NTFS 5.0 in Windows 2000).
      • NFS: Network File System used for file sharing between Unix systems.
      • RAW: Represents a drive that's not processed or formatted.
      • ext (ext2, ext3, ext4): A standard file system for GNU/Linux, excellent for small and medium-sized files.
      • XFS: High-performance log file system developed for IRIX OS and ported to Linux kernel, good for large files.

    File Systems on openEuler

    • openEuler kernel is derived from Linux, supporting many file systems (Btrfs, JFS, ReiserFS, ext, ext2, ext3, ext4, ISO 9660, XFS, Minix, MSDOS, UMSDOS, VFAT, NTFS, HPFS, NFS, SMB, SysV, PROC)
    • The default file system on openEuler is ext4.

    Swap Space

    • Swap space is a partition or file on the disk.
    • When RAM is insufficient, less frequently used data is moved to swap space, freeing up RAM for other processes.
    • Data in swap space is loaded back into RAM when needed.
    • Total virtual memory is the sum of physical memory and swap space.
    • Increasing swap space is often more cost-effective than adding RAM for more memory when necessary.
    • Improves overall system performance.
    • Used for Linux hibernation (saving memory data during hibernation).

    Swap Space Configuration

    • Swap space comes in two forms: partition and file.
    • Partition is an independent drive.
    • File is a special file within the file system and is separate from the system and data files.
    • Creating swap partition involves using tools like fdisk, mkswap, and swapon.
    • Creating swap file involves creating a file, using mkswap to format it, and then using swapon.
    • Recommended swap sizes vary according to RAM size (2x RAM for low RAM, same as RAM for medium RAM, 8 GB for high RAM).

    Drive Types

    • Storage media: Hard disk drives (HDDs), Solid-state drives (SSDs)
    • Interface types: IDE, SCSI, SATA, SAS, FC

    Drive Interface Description

    • Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE): Early general standard used in HDDs.
    • Serial ATA (SATA): Distinctive from IDE and is a serial port.
    • Small Computer System Interface (SCSI): Used in servers; has characteristics of high performance and stability, but also high cost and loud noise.
    • Fibre Channel (FC): Enables drives to connect directly via optical fibers, improving high-throughput performance for intensive systems.

    Viewing Drive Information on Linux

    • fdisk -l: Lists information about all drives in the system (mounted and unmounted).
    • df -h: Displays mounted file systems, showing size, usage, and availability.

    Drive Partitioning

    • Dividing a drive into logical storage units (partitions).
    • Allows system administrators to use different partitions for different functions.
    • Allows restrictions on available space for users or applications.
    • Enables booting into multiple operating systems from a single drive.
    • Separates operating system files from program and user files.
    • Creates a dedicated area for virtual memory swapping.
    • Restricts drive space usage, enhancing diagnosis tool and image backup performance.

    Drive Partition Types

    • Primary partition: Basic, non-partitioned drive; can't be made into other partitions.
    • Extended partition: Holds logical partitions.
    • Logical partition: Multiple logical partitions can be created within an extended partition.

    Drive Partition Naming

    • Linux uses device names (e.g., /dev/hda, /dev/sda) instead of drive letters.
    • /dev/ directory: where device names are stored.
    • xxyN: Common naming format:
      • xx represents the device type (hd for IDE, sd for SCSI, fd for floppy, vd for virtio).
      • y represents the device number.
      • N represents the partition number.

    Drive Partitioning Scheme - MBR

    • MBR: Master Boot Record partitioning scheme, used in BIOS-based systems.
    • MBR is a boot sector at beginning of the drive.
    • SCSI drives can have a maximum of 15 partitions (4 primary, 12 logical).
    • IDE drives have a max of 63 partitions (4 primary, 60 logical).
    • Maximum drive/partition size is 2TB when using MBR scheme due to 32-bit size representation.

    fdisk Drive Partitioning Utility

    • Traditional Linux drive partitioning utility; does not support partitions larger than 2TB.
    • Uses command syntax fdisk [options] parameter.

    fdisk Interactive Mode

    • Select drive, then use interactive commands to manage partitions (using commands a, b, c, d, m, n, 0, p, q, s, t, u, v, w).

    Drive Partitioning Scheme - GPT

    • GUID Partition Table (GPT): Increasing drive sizes, allowing larger partitions, replacing the traditional MBR.
    • Each partition has a Globally Unique Identifier (GUID).
    • Used for UEFI systems. As GPT uses 64 bits for logical block addresses, larger partition sizes are possible (up to 18 EB).
    • No primary or logical partitions; supports a maximum of 128 partitions..

    parted Drive Partitioning Utility

    • parted: More user-friendly partitioning utility, supports partitions beyond 2TB.
    • parted [options] [device [command [options...]...]]: Basic command syntax

    Format the Drive

    • mkfs: Used to format partitions into different file systems.
    • Formatting partitions usually deletes existing files from the volume (ensure you've backed up any necessary data before formatting).

    Drive Mounting

    • Drives must be mounted before use.
    • Mounting links drives to a directory, providing access.
    • Temporary mounting: Temporary connections. Becomes invalid after reboot
    • Permanent mounting: Automatically mount devices on boot; edits /etc/fstab file to configure.

    Introduction to fstab

    • fstab (/etc/fstab) file stores static information for automatic file system mounting during startup in the OS.
    • Format: [file system] [directory] [type] [options] [dump] [pass]

    Key Parameters in fstab

    • Explains parameters used in the /etc/fstab file. (e.g., auto, ro, rw, user, nouser, dev/nodev, noatime/nodiratime, defaults, sync/async, suid/nosuid, dump, pass).

    Logical Volume Management

    • Logical Volume Management (LVM) adds layers above drives and partitions and below file systems, enhancing manageability.
    • Uses physical extents (PEs) and logical extents (LEs). A physical volume (PV) is an entire drive or a partition. A logical volume (LV) is a logical device to users. PVs can be combined in a volume group (VG) and converted to LVs.

    Logical Volume Basics

    • Uses logical extents (LEs), where each LE is the same size as the PE.
    • Logical Volume (LV): A logical unit that interacts with users for storage.
    • Physical Volumes (PVs): The actual drive/partition on physical hardware.
    • Volume Group (VG): A collective unit containing physical volumes for managing logical volumes (LVs)
    • PVs are combined to provide capacity allocation; each LVM system can have multiple VGs. LVs are built on the VG, which manages the PVs.

    Advantages of Logical Volumes

    • Flexible capacity: Modifying capacity of an LV without changes to the underlying hardware.
    • Scalable storage pools: Combining multiple PVs into VGs to create scalable storage pools.
    • Easy device naming: Easier for users to manage and access storage.
    • Disk striping: Improves performance by spreading data across multiple disks.
    • Volume mirroring and snapshotting: Facilitates data redundancy and backup operations.
    • Online data reallocation: Shifting data to maximize storage efficiency while the system is running.

    Dynamically Resizing Logical Volumes

    • Expanding/shrinking capacity of an LV (logical volume) without unmounting it.
    • Expanding: Checks volume group space, then extends capacity using lvextend command.
    • Shrinking: Determines target size, unmounts, performs check, using resize2fs command, and the lvreduce command to reduce the LV size.

    Changing Logical Volume Capacity

    • lvresize: Command used to adjust LV size (increasing/decreasing).
    • lvextend and lvreduce: Functions within lvresize used for expanding and shrinking capacity.

    Quiz

    • Question 1: Correct command for formatting /dev/hdb6 is mkfs -t ext4 /dev/hdb6.
    • Question 2: True. Reducing LV capacity is risky due to the need to unmount and check the file system forcibly.

    Summary

    • This course covers file system concepts, drive mounting, and logical volume management.

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