AI Ethics and Regulations Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary ethical principle in AI that addresses its operations?

  • Speed
  • Profitability
  • Complexity
  • Fairness (correct)

    • Which AI regulation is specifically focused on high-risk applications?

  • GDPR
  • National AI Initiative Act
  • AI Risk Management Framework
  • AI Act (correct)

    • Which key risk in AI relates to historical data affecting social equity?

  • Accountability
  • Transparency
  • Discrimination
  • Bias (correct)

    • What is a significant legal issue regarding AI-generated content?

    <p>Intellectual Property</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the EU categorize Minimum Risk AI systems?

    <p>Simple tools like anti-spam filters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country is noted for its strong government control over AI applications?

    <p>China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach does Japan take towards ethical AI usage?

    <p>Collaborative human-centric guidelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major focus of India's approach to AI?

    <p>Social development through AI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of National CSIRTs?

    <p>To coordinate addressing vulnerabilities and sharing information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law mandates that smart devices must have unique default passwords?

    <p>The California IoT Security Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can contribute to the failure of autonomous devices?

    <p>External environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was exploited during the 2018 Las Vegas casino cyberattack?

    <p>An internet-connected aquarium thermostat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the MiCA regulation aim to achieve?

    <p>Standardize cryptocurrency regulations across EU member states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which directive ensures that manufacturers are held accountable for defective products?

    <p>The EU Product Liability Directive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a lesson learned from the Las Vegas breach regarding cybersecurity?

    <p>Collaborative vulnerability disclosure is crucial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the Radio Equipment Directive and the Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive ensure?

    <p>Safety and performance standards for smart devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Domain Name System (DNS)?

    <p>To translate domain names into numerical IP addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of Country Code TLDs (ccTLDs)?

    <p>They represent specific countries or territories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization is responsible for managing new Top-Level Domains (TLDs)?

    <p>ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main legal issues surrounding the Domain Name System (DNS)?

    <p>Domain Name Allocation and Permitted Top-Level Domains (TLDs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does DHCP play in network management?

    <p>It automatically assigns IP addresses to devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why have domain names evolved into symbols of broader identity and value?

    <p>They have gained significant financial value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DNS ensure global accessibility of domain names?

    <p>By maintaining a hierarchical structure of root servers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who manages the allocation of generic Top-Level Domains (gTLDs)?

    <p>Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Generic TLDs (gTLDs)?

    <p>They include domains like .com, .net, and .org</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the governance of DNS?

    <p>Primarily contractual agreements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a sponsored TLD?

    <p>.mobi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about ICANN's history is true?

    <p>ICANN operates as a multistakeholder community since 2016.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the European Union's Directive 2002/21/EC state regarding Internet governance?

    <p>It does not assign new responsibilities to national regulatory authorities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does IANA distribute IP address blocks?

    <p>To Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable aspect of the current model of Internet governance?

    <p>It is largely self-governed with no specific regulations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ICANN in relation to DNS?

    <p>To manage contracts with multiple bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data collection does the Internet of Things (IoT) facilitate?

    <p>Autonomous data collection and sharing by devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant ethical concern when authorities request access to cloud-stored data?

    <p>Potential for unauthorized data leakage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a component of the Internet of Things (IoT)?

    <p>Database Management System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a critical development in the evolution of IoT highlighted in the 1990s?

    <p>Coining of the term 'Internet of Things' by Kevin Ashton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which regulatory framework requires user consent for data collection in the EU?

    <p>General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common threat to the security of IoT devices?

    <p>Weak authentication methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique can enhance security for IoT environments?

    <p>Multi-factor authentication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Cybersecurity Act (CSA) in the context of IoT?

    <p>Implement certification schemes for IoT device security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does anonymity have on the expression of hate speech?

    <p>It allows users to express hateful views without fear of consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge faced by social media platforms in moderating hate speech?

    <p>They often address systemic hate within personal contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Facebook approach the moderation of hate speech?

    <p>It focuses on group-targeting hate speech while ignoring ideological hate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological effects can chronic exposure to hate speech have on individuals?

    <p>Anxiety, depression, PTSD, and even physical health issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What solution is proposed for mitigating the impact of hate speech on social media?

    <p>Promoting stricter regulations and technological moderation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action was taken by Twitter as a result of Caroline Criado-Perez's case?

    <p>They updated their rules and added a report abuse button.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT cited as an effect of hate speech on communities?

    <p>Increased social bonds and unity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major criticism of YouTube's approach to hate speech moderation?

    <p>User reports are heavily relied upon, causing delays in action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction

    • Digital technology impacts all aspects of modern life
    • IT law addresses the legal challenges posed by technology
    • Understanding legal issues related to tech is crucial for professionals and users
    • Misusing or breaking IT laws has major consequences

    What is Law?

    • Historical definitions
      • Han Dynasty (3rd century BCE): Law associated with punishment
      • Karl Marx: Law as a tool for class exploitation
      • John Austin: Law as a rule from superior to inferior
      • Oliver Wendell Holmes: Law as a prediction of court decisions
    • Modern definitions
      • US Legal Dictionary: Set of binding conduct rules enforced by authority
      • Oxford Dictionary: System of rules regulating behavior and conflicts
      • Pietro Sirena: Framework for conflict resolution, positive social behavior
    • Common features
      • Prescriptions and sanctions regulating behavior and consequences
      • Connection to society, regulating social interactions, organizing life/society
    • Function
      • Negative: Conflict resolution to prevent societal disruption
      • Positive: Cooperation, unity, societal welfare
    • Need for rules
      • Essential for societal stability and existence
      • May take religious, moral, and legal forms
    • Overlaps and differences with moral and religious rules
      • Moral/religious rules govern behavior (e.g helping the poor, giving up a seat)
      • Legal rules are enforced and backed by authorities

    What is IT Law?

    • Focuses on legal challenges of using computers and the internet extensively
    • Creates specific rules for new technologies and re-interprets traditional laws
    • Addresses data storage and transmission on large scales
    • Key features
      • Global nature exceeding national borders
      • Lack of uniformity lacking universal international framework
      • Self-regulation rules set by IT providers and users

    Internet Governance

    • Decentralized structure without a central governing authority
    • Self-governance based on shared policies and standards
    • Broader than formal laws covering treaties, regulations, and cooperative practices
    • Scope of governance includes infrastructure (data transmission) and content (privacy, expression, liability)

    The Internet

    • Fundamental elements
      • Protocols for data transmission and extensions (TCP/IP)
      • IP addresses and corresponding domain names
      • Root servers enabling communication
    • Protocols
      • TCP/IP handles data
      • IP routes data
      • HTTP transfers web pages on the World Wide Web

    Domain Names

    • User-friendly representations of IP addresses
    • Key functions: Memorability, categorization, stable references, flexibility
    • Structure: Top-level domain (TLD), second-level domain (SLD), third-level domain (subdomain)
    • Types of TLDs: Generic TLDs (gTLDs), Country Code TLDs (ccTLDs)

    Domain Name System (DNS)

    • Translates domain names to numerical IP addresses for internet communication
    • Function: Converts domain names into IP addresses
    • Structure: Distributed database system, using root servers. Root servers hold information about domain names and their associated IP addresses.
    • Hierarchy: Organized hierarchically with top-level root servers controlling each TLD.

    ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)

    • Non-profit organization managing key internet databases
    • Responsible for maintaining a stable and secure internet
    • Controls TLD management

    Problematic Issues with Domain Names

    • Domain name allocation process
    • Allowed Top-Level Domains (TLDs)
    • Domain names as property

    Internet Governance

    • Key aspects governing how the internet is accessed, managed, and used.

    Data Protection and Privacy

    • Personal data categorization
      • Direct identifiers
      • Indirect identifiers distinguishing individuals
    • De-identification methods
      • Suppression
      • Averaging
      • Generalization
      • Perturbation
      • Swapping
    • Anonymization
    • Pseudonymization

    Privacy protection techniques

    • De-identification
    • Anonymization
    • Pseudonymization

    Data Breach Notification

    • Notification requirements for data breaches to supervisory authorities and affected individuals
    • Sanctions for non-compliance with regulations
    • Considerations for regulatory fines

    eContracts and IT Contracts

    • Forms of IT contracts
      • Standard software
      • Custom software
      • IT devices
      • Software/hardware support
      • Digital contracts
    • Issues in e-commerce
      • Multi-party transactions
      • Cross-border activity
      • Legal ambiguity
    • Legal questions surrounding these contracts

    E-Commerce

    • Models: B2C, B2B, C2C, C2B, B2B2C
    • Evolution timeline (1979 onwards)
    • Consideration of social commerce, subscription models, and pandemic-driven acceleration

    Cyber-Threats and Security

    • Damage to reputations due to threats like hacking, account theft, phishing, or data breaches and resulting financial fraud.

    Jurisdictional Issues and Privacy Protection Techniques

    • Difficulty in determining which governing laws apply when sharing data online
    • Various locations (user, server, company location), leading to conflicts
    • Legal challenges faced by companies to comply with varying data protection laws in different jurisdictions

    Artificial Intelligence (AI)

    • Ethical principles for AI: Fairness, transparency, and accountability
    • Key risks include Bias, Discrimination, Global Inequalities

    Global Approaches to Al Law

    • EU's Al Act
    • China's approach emphasising control and regulations to address social media and surveillance
    • Japan's focus on ethical and human-centred Al through collaborative guidelines
    • India's focus on Al for social development with a lack of specific Al legislation
    • United States' initiatives
    • National initiatives toward ethical AI use and innovation
    • Al Risk Management Framework
    • Al Bill of Rights Blueprint
    • Al Accountability Act

    Intellectual Property Issues in NFTs

    • Challenges for traditional IP laws, especially with originality and ownership
    • Legal ambiguity regarding copyright and NFT ownership

    Cross-Border Data Transfers

    • Complicates GDPR compliance due to data transfer to regions with weaker data policies

    Crowdfunding

    • Types of crowdfunding: Equity, lending, reward, donation-based
    • EU regulations (2020/1503) for service providers across the EU
    • Italian legislation (Consob & TUF) additional rules for SMEs and social enterprises seeking funds

    Social Networks

    • History and development (1970s-2010s)
    • Societal effects (positive and negative), global connectivity, activism, and business growth
    • Legal and regulatory aspects, data privacy, content moderation
    • Ethical implications
    • Cybersecurity measures

    IoT (Internet of Things)

    • Definition: Connecting physical objects to the internet to collect, share, and analyse data
    • Key components
    • History and development
    • Security and privacy challenges
    • Legal frameworks (GDPR) and specific sector regulations
    • Cybersecurity and privacy approaches
    • Legal frameworks for IoT, and regulations within different sectors
    • IoT applications in smart homes, healthcare, agriculture

    Digital Identity

    • Definition: Online representation of identity
    • History: Evolution from physical forms to digital means
    • EU digital identity wallet (eIDAs for streamlined services)
    • Benefits of digital identities in banking, government, and healthcare
    • Security risks
    • Future of digital identities, involving blockchain and password-free systems

    Cryptocurrency

    • Classification and taxation varying across EU/global jurisdictions
    • MICA regulations aimed at standardizing cryptocurrencies in the EU
    • Risks and Anonymity
    • AML compliance challenges
    • Taxation of crypto in the EU and global markets
    • Privacy issues
    • Consumer protection provisions
    • AI-based solutions for complex challenges in multiple domains
    • Emerging technological approaches to tackle existing regulatory issues and concerns

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the ethical principles and regulations surrounding artificial intelligence. This quiz covers key concepts including AI governance, risk assessment, and legal issues involving AI-generated content. Dive into the complexities of AI systems and their impact on society.

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