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Who owned all the land in the Spanish Philippines?
Who owned all the land in the Spanish Philippines?
The King of Spain
What were the two main groups of people that lands were awarded to in the Spanish Philippines?
What were the two main groups of people that lands were awarded to in the Spanish Philippines?
What was an Encomendero's role in the Spanish Philippines?
What was an Encomendero's role in the Spanish Philippines?
To defend from external attack and maintain peace and order
The Royal Decree of 1754 effectively protected indigenous property rights.
The Royal Decree of 1754 effectively protected indigenous property rights.
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What were landgrabbing practices in the Spanish Philippines prevalent among?
What were landgrabbing practices in the Spanish Philippines prevalent among?
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Who were the dominant estate owners in the Spanish Philippines?
Who were the dominant estate owners in the Spanish Philippines?
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What is a cacique?
What is a cacique?
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The law enacted in the 1860s to register landholders was effective in its purpose.
The law enacted in the 1860s to register landholders was effective in its purpose.
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What was the Maura law, and what was its impact?
What was the Maura law, and what was its impact?
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Emilio Aguinaldo's plan to confiscate large estates was successfully implemented during the First Philippine Republic.
Emilio Aguinaldo's plan to confiscate large estates was successfully implemented during the First Philippine Republic.
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What key legislation did the Americans introduce during their rule in the Philippines concerning land regulation?
What key legislation did the Americans introduce during their rule in the Philippines concerning land regulation?
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What was the purpose of the Public Land Act of 1903?
What was the purpose of the Public Land Act of 1903?
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What were the main challenges faced in implementing the American land reform policies?
What were the main challenges faced in implementing the American land reform policies?
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During the American rule in the Philippines, the lower house of government was dominated by landed elites.
During the American rule in the Philippines, the lower house of government was dominated by landed elites.
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What was the purpose of Commonwealth Act No. 178?
What was the purpose of Commonwealth Act No. 178?
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What was the National Settlement Administration established under Commonwealth Act No. 441 of 1939 meant to do?
What was the National Settlement Administration established under Commonwealth Act No. 441 of 1939 meant to do?
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What was the key legislation that Manuel A. Roxas implemented as President of the Philippines?
What was the key legislation that Manuel A. Roxas implemented as President of the Philippines?
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What was the purpose of Republic Act No. 55 implemented by Manuel A. Roxas during his term?
What was the purpose of Republic Act No. 55 implemented by Manuel A. Roxas during his term?
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What change did Elpidio Quirino make to the National Land Settlement Administration during his term (1948-1953)?
What change did Elpidio Quirino make to the National Land Settlement Administration during his term (1948-1953)?
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What two changes did Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) make to land reform measures?
What two changes did Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) make to land reform measures?
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What was the purpose of Republic Act No. 1199?
What was the purpose of Republic Act No. 1199?
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President Carlos P. Garcia passed new legislation during his presidency from 1957 to 1961.
President Carlos P. Garcia passed new legislation during his presidency from 1957 to 1961.
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What key legislation did President Diosdado Macapagal pass during his term from 1961 to 1965?
What key legislation did President Diosdado Macapagal pass during his term from 1961 to 1965?
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What was the main goal of President Ferdinand Marcos' Code of Agrarian Reform implemented during his term from 1965 to 1986?
What was the main goal of President Ferdinand Marcos' Code of Agrarian Reform implemented during his term from 1965 to 1986?
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What was the purpose of Republic Act No. 6657 implemented by President Corazon Aquino during her term from 1986 to 1992?
What was the purpose of Republic Act No. 6657 implemented by President Corazon Aquino during her term from 1986 to 1992?
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What did Republic Act 8532, implemented by President Fidel V. Ramos from 1992 to 1998, provide for the agrarian sector?
What did Republic Act 8532, implemented by President Fidel V. Ramos from 1992 to 1998, provide for the agrarian sector?
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What was the purpose of the Farmer's Trust Fund established by President Joseph Estrada through Executive Order No. 151?
What was the purpose of the Farmer's Trust Fund established by President Joseph Estrada through Executive Order No. 151?
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What was the main goal of Republic Act 9700 implemented by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo from 2000 to 2010?
What was the main goal of Republic Act 9700 implemented by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo from 2000 to 2010?
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What was the purpose of the Agrarian Reform Community Connectivity and Economic Support Services (ARCCESS) project initiated by President Benigno Aquino III during his term from 2010 to 2016?
What was the purpose of the Agrarian Reform Community Connectivity and Economic Support Services (ARCCESS) project initiated by President Benigno Aquino III during his term from 2010 to 2016?
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What was the main focus of President Rodrigo Duterte's policy towards land reform during his term from 2016 to 2022?
What was the main focus of President Rodrigo Duterte's policy towards land reform during his term from 2016 to 2022?
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Study Notes
Evolution of Agrarian Reform
- Agrarian reform in the Philippines has evolved significantly from the Spanish era to the contemporary period.
- The King of Spain owned all the land, awarding it to religious orders and encomenderos.
- Encomenderos were responsible for defending their land from external attack and maintaining order.
- This system was often unfair and abusive to the indigenous people.
- The Royal Decree of 1754 aimed to protect indigenous property rights, but was ineffective due to illegal land seizure by Spaniards, mestizos, and members of the principalia.
- Religious orders and caciques (tribal chieftains) were often the dominant estate owners.
Spanish Era
- The Spanish crown owned all land.
- Land was given to religious orders and encomenderos.
- Encomenderos were required to protect the land and maintain peace.
- This system was often unfair.
- The Royal Decree of 1754 attempted to protect indigenous property rights.
- The decree's implementation was ineffective due to illegal land grabs.
American Period
- The Philippine Organic Act of 1902 established land ownership regulations.
- Private land ownership was limited to 16 hectares, while corporate land ownership could reach 1024 hectares.
- The Land Registration Act of 1902 introduced the Torrens system for registering land titles.
- The Public Land Act of 1903 allowed landless peasants to acquire public land through the homestead system.
- Landlord manipulation hindered tenant applications for grants.
- Government surveys were incomplete due to lack of resources.
- Insufficient infrastructure impacted efficient land management.
Commonwealth Period
- The Commonwealth Act No. 178 amended the Rice Tenancy Act (Act No. 4045). This Act regulated landlord-tenant relationships.
- The Commonwealth Act No. 441 of 1939 created the National Settlement Administration to facilitate land acquisition and migration.
First Republic
- Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo intended to confiscate large estates, but this was never implemented due to the short lifespan of the republic.
- The Philippines-American War occurred during this period.
The Republic (1946-Present)
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Republic Act No. 34 (Roxas Administration) established share tenancy arrangements and contracts.
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Republic Act No. 55 (Roxas Administration) protected tenants against arbitrary eviction.
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Executive Order No. 355 (Quirino Administration) replaced the National Land Settlement Administration with the Land Settlement Development Corporation.
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Republic Act No. 1160 (Magsaysay Administration) abolished the Land Settlement Development Corporation and established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA).
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Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) regulated landowner-tenant relationships.
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Republic Act No. 3844 (Macapagal Administration) abolished share tenancy, aiming to free tenants from the system.
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President Ferdinand Marcos' agrarian reform code aimed to transform agricultural workers into landowners.
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Republic Act No. 6657 (Aquino Administration) established the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARP), promoting social justice and industrialization.
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Republic Act No. 8532 (Ramos Administration) provided additional funding for CARP and extended its implementation for 10 years.
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Executive Order No. 151 (Estrada Administration) focused on consolidating small farm operations into larger enterprises as well as providing long-term capital access.
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Republic Act 9700 (Arroyo Administration) extended the deadline for CARP.
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Agrarian Reform Community Connectivity and Economic Support Services (ARCCESS) program (Aquino III Administration) promoted poverty reduction.
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Landless farmers were granted undistributed lands during Duterte's administration
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Description
Explore the evolution of agrarian reform in the Philippines from the Spanish era to the modern age. This quiz covers the historical context, key figures, and significant policies that shaped land ownership and indigenous rights throughout the years.
