Aging Changes in the Cardiac Arterial System
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of using the Activities Specific Balance Confidence scale in fall risk assessment?

  • To evaluate the patient's muscle strength and flexibility
  • To assess the patient's confidence in performing daily activities and identify potential fall risks (correct)
  • To determine the patient's ability to walk in crowded spaces
  • To measure the patient's heart rate and blood pressure

    • What is the cut-off score for identifying fall risk using the Activities Specific Balance Confidence scale?

  • 80% or less
  • 50% or less
  • 67% or less (correct)
  • 90% or less

    • Which of the following is NOT a component of the STEADI algorithm?

  • Medication review
  • Assessment of the patient's living situation
  • Three verbal questions
  • A series of 12 physical performance tests (correct)

    • What is the purpose of asking 'Do you worry about falling?' in the STEADI algorithm?

    <p>To determine the patient's risk of falling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of fallers are accurately classified using the Activities Specific Balance Confidence scale?

    <p>84%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using the STEADI algorithm in fall risk assessment?

    <p>It helps to prioritize modifiable risk factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a result of decreased elastin content in arterial walls with increasing age?

    <p>Increased lumen size of arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of increased collagen content in arterial walls with aging?

    <p>Increased stiffness of arterial walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a role of a PT in managing polypharmacy in older adults?

    <p>Identifying signs of polypharmacy and promoting the use of fewer drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of less efficient valves in veins with aging?

    <p>Increased risk of blood pooling in extremities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a result of the loss of smooth muscle cells in arterial walls with aging?

    <p>Increased stiffness of arterial walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do older adults experience altered physiologic response to drugs?

    <p>Due to changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics with age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key subjective question to ask older adults to promote the use of fewer drugs?

    <p>Are you taking any new medications?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of increased size of vascular smooth muscle cells in arterial walls with aging?

    <p>Increased stiffness of arterial walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of exercise has been shown to reduce the risk of falls by 24% and the number of people experiencing falls by 13%?

    <p>Balance and Functional exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum number of hours of exercise required over 6 months to reduce the risk of falls?

    <p>50 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Otago Exercise Program?

    <p>Incorporates cognitive exercises</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Continuum of Care?

    <p>To create age-friendly societies and promote healthy aging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a physical therapist in home health?

    <p>To promote independence in activities of daily living</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of palliative care?

    <p>To provide symptom management and education on end-of-life options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between palliative care and hospice care?

    <p>Hospice care is a subset of palliative care, focusing on final stages of life-ending illnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Master of Balance program?

    <p>To improve balance and reduce the risk of falls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a physical therapist in inpatient rehabilitation?

    <p>To provide 3 hours of physical therapy every day, 5 times a week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Fall Program Resources?

    <p>To reduce the risk of falls in older adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of palliative care?

    <p>Providing comfort and improving quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a physical therapist in palliative care?

    <p>To support patients and families in managing symptoms and improving quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an advance care directive?

    <p>To inform healthcare workers and family members of the patient's wishes if they become incapacitated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for medical assistance in dying?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which country was euthanasia first legalized?

    <p>Netherlands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a predictor of MAiD acceptance?

    <p>Younger age and non-religious beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average age of individuals seeking MAiD in Canada?

    <p>75.2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of rehabilitation in palliative care?

    <p>To enhance patient comfort and improve quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of successful palliative care?

    <p>Collaborative goal setting with the patient and support system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do patients often opt for MAiD?

    <p>Loss of autonomy, inability to engage, loss of dignity, uncontrolled fear/pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major concern regarding physician-assisted death in dementia patients?

    <p>Inability to make informed decisions due to cognitive impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to BJ Miller, what is the primary goal of palliative care?

    <p>To provide comfort and improve quality of life at any stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key argument against physician-assisted death?

    <p>The slippery slope argument</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does BJ Miller propose to improve the experience of dying?

    <p>By inviting design thinking and intention to the experience of dying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the project where BJ Miller works?

    <p>Zen Hospice Project</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major ethical concern regarding physician-assisted death in mental health conditions?

    <p>Ethical concerns about autonomy and self-determination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of BJ Miller's TED Talk?

    <p>Promoting palliative care and end-of-life reform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key principle of BJ Miller's approach to dying and end-of-life care?

    <p>Prioritizing comfort and well-being over medical intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Aging Changes in the Cardiac Arterial System

    • With increasing age, there is a reduction in contractility and elasticity of vascular walls and valves
    • Arterial walls become thicker, with an increase in collagen content and a decrease in elastin content
    • Lumen size increases, and endothelial cells become larger, with a decrease in their number
    • Vascular smooth muscle cells increase in size, leading to less elastic and compliant arterial walls
    • This predisposes individuals to atherosclerosis and hypertension, neither of which are considered normal in the aging process

    Veins

    • Lumen size increases, leading to less elasticity and less efficient valves
    • This can lead to blood pooling in the extremities, resulting in increased falls, impaired cognition, incontinence, constipation, delirium, diarrhea, and gastrointestinal bleeding

    Role of Physiotherapy (PT)

    • Identify signs of polypharmacy and drug reactions
    • Promote the use of fewer drugs by addressing PT-specific impairments or immobility
    • Provide education to patients, caregivers, and family members
    • Seek an interdisciplinary approach if impairments are not fully within the PT scope

    Introduction to Falls in Aging

    • A fall is defined as an event that results in a person coming to rest on the ground or other lower level
    • To assess fall risk, questions can be asked about balance, dizziness, and other symptoms
    • The Activities Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale is a 12-question assessment to test perceived ability to complete various tasks
    • Scores of 67% or less indicate fall risk

    Exercise for Fall Prevention

    • Exercise has been shown to reduce the risk of falls by 23% and the number of people experiencing falls by 15%
    • Balance and functional exercises are the most effective, reducing falls by 24% and the number of people experiencing falls by 13%
    • Tai Chi has also been shown to reduce falls by 19%
    • Multimodal exercise programs that include balance, resistance training, and other exercises are the most effective, reducing falls by 34%

    Continuum of Care

    • Interventions can be done to slow but not prevent the aging process
    • Addressing mental, cognitive, and social health can reduce stressors and increase longevity
    • The continuum of care should focus on healthy aging, with more emphasis on prevention and early intervention

    Role of PT in Different Settings

    • In home health, PTs work with patients, caregivers, and other disciplines to promote independence and minimize further complications
    • In acute care, PTs work to minimize hospital-acquired issues and promote early mobility
    • In inpatient rehabilitation, PTs work to optimize mobility and function for discharge
    • In long-term care facilities, PTs work to improve functional ability and address secondary impairments
    • In palliative care, PTs shift their role to focus on patient and family management, support, and advocacy

    Palliative Care

    • Palliative care provides support to patients and families through the dying process
    • It focuses on symptom management, education, and care planning for living at home
    • Hospice is a subset of palliative care, providing support for patients in the final stages of life

    Death with Dignity

    • Death with dignity implies the ability to choose one's own death with autonomy and quality of death
    • Medical Assistance in Dying (MAiD) is a highly debated topic, with varying legality worldwide
    • In Canada, MAiD is legal with strict circumstances, and statistics show an increase in requests
    • In the US, studies have shown that people who opt for MAiD experience higher levels of pain, depression, anxiety, and dyspnea

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    Related Documents

    Week 2 Summary: Aging and Falls PDF

    Description

    Learn about the effects of aging on the cardiac arterial system, including changes in contractility, elasticity, and structure of vascular walls and valves.

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