Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of using the Activities Specific Balance Confidence scale in fall risk assessment?
What is the cut-off score for identifying fall risk using the Activities Specific Balance Confidence scale?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the STEADI algorithm?
What is the purpose of asking 'Do you worry about falling?' in the STEADI algorithm?
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What percentage of fallers are accurately classified using the Activities Specific Balance Confidence scale?
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What is the primary benefit of using the STEADI algorithm in fall risk assessment?
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What is a result of decreased elastin content in arterial walls with increasing age?
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What is a consequence of increased collagen content in arterial walls with aging?
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What is a role of a PT in managing polypharmacy in older adults?
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What is a consequence of less efficient valves in veins with aging?
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What is a result of the loss of smooth muscle cells in arterial walls with aging?
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Why do older adults experience altered physiologic response to drugs?
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What is a key subjective question to ask older adults to promote the use of fewer drugs?
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What is a consequence of increased size of vascular smooth muscle cells in arterial walls with aging?
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Which type of exercise has been shown to reduce the risk of falls by 24% and the number of people experiencing falls by 13%?
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What is the minimum number of hours of exercise required over 6 months to reduce the risk of falls?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Otago Exercise Program?
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What is the primary goal of the Continuum of Care?
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What is the primary role of a physical therapist in home health?
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What is the primary goal of palliative care?
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What is the difference between palliative care and hospice care?
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What is the purpose of the Master of Balance program?
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What is the primary role of a physical therapist in inpatient rehabilitation?
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What is the primary goal of the Fall Program Resources?
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What is the main focus of palliative care?
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What is the role of a physical therapist in palliative care?
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What is the purpose of an advance care directive?
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What is the term for medical assistance in dying?
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In which country was euthanasia first legalized?
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What is a predictor of MAiD acceptance?
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What is the average age of individuals seeking MAiD in Canada?
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What is the purpose of rehabilitation in palliative care?
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What is the focus of successful palliative care?
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Why do patients often opt for MAiD?
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What is a major concern regarding physician-assisted death in dementia patients?
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According to BJ Miller, what is the primary goal of palliative care?
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What is a key argument against physician-assisted death?
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How does BJ Miller propose to improve the experience of dying?
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What is the name of the project where BJ Miller works?
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What is a major ethical concern regarding physician-assisted death in mental health conditions?
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What is the primary focus of BJ Miller's TED Talk?
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What is a key principle of BJ Miller's approach to dying and end-of-life care?
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Study Notes
Aging Changes in the Cardiac Arterial System
- With increasing age, there is a reduction in contractility and elasticity of vascular walls and valves
- Arterial walls become thicker, with an increase in collagen content and a decrease in elastin content
- Lumen size increases, and endothelial cells become larger, with a decrease in their number
- Vascular smooth muscle cells increase in size, leading to less elastic and compliant arterial walls
- This predisposes individuals to atherosclerosis and hypertension, neither of which are considered normal in the aging process
Veins
- Lumen size increases, leading to less elasticity and less efficient valves
- This can lead to blood pooling in the extremities, resulting in increased falls, impaired cognition, incontinence, constipation, delirium, diarrhea, and gastrointestinal bleeding
Role of Physiotherapy (PT)
- Identify signs of polypharmacy and drug reactions
- Promote the use of fewer drugs by addressing PT-specific impairments or immobility
- Provide education to patients, caregivers, and family members
- Seek an interdisciplinary approach if impairments are not fully within the PT scope
Introduction to Falls in Aging
- A fall is defined as an event that results in a person coming to rest on the ground or other lower level
- To assess fall risk, questions can be asked about balance, dizziness, and other symptoms
- The Activities Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale is a 12-question assessment to test perceived ability to complete various tasks
- Scores of 67% or less indicate fall risk
Exercise for Fall Prevention
- Exercise has been shown to reduce the risk of falls by 23% and the number of people experiencing falls by 15%
- Balance and functional exercises are the most effective, reducing falls by 24% and the number of people experiencing falls by 13%
- Tai Chi has also been shown to reduce falls by 19%
- Multimodal exercise programs that include balance, resistance training, and other exercises are the most effective, reducing falls by 34%
Continuum of Care
- Interventions can be done to slow but not prevent the aging process
- Addressing mental, cognitive, and social health can reduce stressors and increase longevity
- The continuum of care should focus on healthy aging, with more emphasis on prevention and early intervention
Role of PT in Different Settings
- In home health, PTs work with patients, caregivers, and other disciplines to promote independence and minimize further complications
- In acute care, PTs work to minimize hospital-acquired issues and promote early mobility
- In inpatient rehabilitation, PTs work to optimize mobility and function for discharge
- In long-term care facilities, PTs work to improve functional ability and address secondary impairments
- In palliative care, PTs shift their role to focus on patient and family management, support, and advocacy
Palliative Care
- Palliative care provides support to patients and families through the dying process
- It focuses on symptom management, education, and care planning for living at home
- Hospice is a subset of palliative care, providing support for patients in the final stages of life
Death with Dignity
- Death with dignity implies the ability to choose one's own death with autonomy and quality of death
- Medical Assistance in Dying (MAiD) is a highly debated topic, with varying legality worldwide
- In Canada, MAiD is legal with strict circumstances, and statistics show an increase in requests
- In the US, studies have shown that people who opt for MAiD experience higher levels of pain, depression, anxiety, and dyspnea
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Description
Learn about the effects of aging on the cardiac arterial system, including changes in contractility, elasticity, and structure of vascular walls and valves.