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Questions and Answers
What percentage of individuals aged 85 and older had at least one type of disability according to a 2016 survey?
What percentage of individuals aged 85 and older had at least one type of disability according to a 2016 survey?
Which of the following conditions is the most common cause of dementia among older adults?
Which of the following conditions is the most common cause of dementia among older adults?
What is a key characteristic of dementia as described in the content?
What is a key characteristic of dementia as described in the content?
Which Medicare benefit primarily covers treatment for patients with acute illnesses?
Which Medicare benefit primarily covers treatment for patients with acute illnesses?
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What does Medicaid provide that is not typically covered by Medicare?
What does Medicaid provide that is not typically covered by Medicare?
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Under the Medicaid spousal impoverishment provisions, what is protected for the spouse living in the community?
Under the Medicaid spousal impoverishment provisions, what is protected for the spouse living in the community?
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Which of the following is NOT a functional impairment commonly associated with older adults?
Which of the following is NOT a functional impairment commonly associated with older adults?
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Which part of Medicare is specifically designed to cover outpatient services?
Which part of Medicare is specifically designed to cover outpatient services?
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Which of the following services is typically not included in PACE programs?
Which of the following services is typically not included in PACE programs?
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How do PACE programs benefit dual eligible enrollees?
How do PACE programs benefit dual eligible enrollees?
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What is the primary goal of programs that assist with Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)?
What is the primary goal of programs that assist with Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)?
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Which organization is not part of the network supporting older Americans?
Which organization is not part of the network supporting older Americans?
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Which factor significantly influences the measures of disease and disability among older adults?
Which factor significantly influences the measures of disease and disability among older adults?
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Which statement accurately reflects the goals of PACE programs?
Which statement accurately reflects the goals of PACE programs?
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What is a primary need for Medicare beneficiaries with multiple chronic conditions?
What is a primary need for Medicare beneficiaries with multiple chronic conditions?
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What aspect of daily living do Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) specifically address?
What aspect of daily living do Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) specifically address?
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What is a primary reason behind the shift in demographic trends within the U.S. population?
What is a primary reason behind the shift in demographic trends within the U.S. population?
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Which age group is projected to outnumber children under 18 by 2034?
Which age group is projected to outnumber children under 18 by 2034?
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What demographic trend contributes to an increase in the elderly population?
What demographic trend contributes to an increase in the elderly population?
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What is expected to happen to the percentage of elderly individuals 65 and older after 2030?
What is expected to happen to the percentage of elderly individuals 65 and older after 2030?
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What is the fastest-growing segment of the population according to the data?
What is the fastest-growing segment of the population according to the data?
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By 2050, what percentage of the elderly population is projected to be nonwhite?
By 2050, what percentage of the elderly population is projected to be nonwhite?
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Which of the following activities is least likely to be affected by chronic disease in older adults?
Which of the following activities is least likely to be affected by chronic disease in older adults?
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What type of care is particularly necessary for the frail elderly with cognitive impairments?
What type of care is particularly necessary for the frail elderly with cognitive impairments?
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What is the primary aim of PACE programs for older individuals?
What is the primary aim of PACE programs for older individuals?
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Which service is commonly included in Programs of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE)?
Which service is commonly included in Programs of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE)?
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What network components are involved in supporting older Americans?
What network components are involved in supporting older Americans?
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How does the demographic trend in the U.S. population affect services for older adults?
How does the demographic trend in the U.S. population affect services for older adults?
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Which aspect of care is emphasized by the network supporting older Americans?
Which aspect of care is emphasized by the network supporting older Americans?
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What is a defining characteristic of chronic diseases?
What is a defining characteristic of chronic diseases?
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Which of the following is considered a basic activity of daily living (ADL)?
Which of the following is considered a basic activity of daily living (ADL)?
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What impact do chronic diseases have on individuals' daily activities?
What impact do chronic diseases have on individuals' daily activities?
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Which condition is NOT commonly associated with the elderly population as a chronic disease?
Which condition is NOT commonly associated with the elderly population as a chronic disease?
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Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) typically include which of the following tasks?
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) typically include which of the following tasks?
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What pre-existing problems might individuals with chronic diseases experience?
What pre-existing problems might individuals with chronic diseases experience?
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Which of the following best describes the limitations caused by age-related conditions?
Which of the following best describes the limitations caused by age-related conditions?
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What is the projected percentage of the population aged 65 years and older by 2060?
What is the projected percentage of the population aged 65 years and older by 2060?
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What demographic shift is contributing to the aging population in the United States?
What demographic shift is contributing to the aging population in the United States?
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Which segment of the elderly population has been growing the fastest in recent years?
Which segment of the elderly population has been growing the fastest in recent years?
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What is a key factor contributing to the projected population growth of individuals aged 65 and older?
What is a key factor contributing to the projected population growth of individuals aged 65 and older?
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What percentage of the elderly population is projected to be nonwhite by 2050?
What percentage of the elderly population is projected to be nonwhite by 2050?
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When are the oldest segments of the population expected to experience slower growth rates?
When are the oldest segments of the population expected to experience slower growth rates?
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What is a significant healthcare need for Medicare beneficiaries with multiple chronic conditions?
What is a significant healthcare need for Medicare beneficiaries with multiple chronic conditions?
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What is expected to happen to the elderly population compared to the child population by 2034?
What is expected to happen to the elderly population compared to the child population by 2034?
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What age group is primarily driving the increase in the elderly population?
What age group is primarily driving the increase in the elderly population?
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What percentage of the population under the age of 65 reported having at least one type of disability in the 2016 survey?
What percentage of the population under the age of 65 reported having at least one type of disability in the 2016 survey?
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Which two conditions are noted as the most debilitating among older adults?
Which two conditions are noted as the most debilitating among older adults?
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What is the main difference between Medicare and Medicaid in terms of the range of services they cover?
What is the main difference between Medicare and Medicaid in terms of the range of services they cover?
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Which part of Medicare primarily involves deductibles and copayments?
Which part of Medicare primarily involves deductibles and copayments?
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What does the Medicaid spousal impoverishment provision protect for the spouse remaining in the community?
What does the Medicaid spousal impoverishment provision protect for the spouse remaining in the community?
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What role does Medicaid play concerning Medicare premiums for the elderly?
What role does Medicaid play concerning Medicare premiums for the elderly?
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Which statement accurately describes dementia?
Which statement accurately describes dementia?
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Which of the following is NOT typically covered under Medicaid for older adults?
Which of the following is NOT typically covered under Medicaid for older adults?
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In what way does Medicaid function as a safety net for long-term care?
In what way does Medicaid function as a safety net for long-term care?
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What is the primary cognitive function affected by dementia?
What is the primary cognitive function affected by dementia?
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What does Long-Term Services and Supports (LTSS) primarily address?
What does Long-Term Services and Supports (LTSS) primarily address?
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Which of the following is included in community long-term care services?
Which of the following is included in community long-term care services?
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What type of facility is classified under Intermediate Care Facilities?
What type of facility is classified under Intermediate Care Facilities?
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Which age group is specifically mentioned in association with inpatient psychiatric services?
Which age group is specifically mentioned in association with inpatient psychiatric services?
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What was the approximate number of long-term care service providers reported in the 2016 study?
What was the approximate number of long-term care service providers reported in the 2016 study?
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Which of the following is NOT a service typically included in long-term care?
Which of the following is NOT a service typically included in long-term care?
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What percentage of long-term care service users reportedly need assistance?
What percentage of long-term care service users reportedly need assistance?
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Study Notes
Aging, Health, and Long-Term Care
- The population 65 years and older will increase dramatically by 2030.
- More services are needed for treating chronic and acute health conditions.
- Medicare beneficiaries with multiple chronic conditions, especially the frail elderly with functional or cognitive impairments, need care coordination.
- Baby boomers turning 65 has increased the number of older people substantially.
- By 2034, older people aged 65 and older will outnumber children aged 18 and younger.
- By 2060, nearly one in four Americans will be 65 or older.
- Overall aging of the population is because of increased life expectancy and decreasing fertility.
- The "old-old" (85 and older) population is the fastest growing segment.
- The percentage of those 65 and older will grow much slower after 2030.
- In 2050, 53% of the population will be nonwhite compared to 21% in 2014.
Common Health Problems in an Aging Population
- Chronic diseases are conditions lasting one year or more requiring ongoing medical attention, limiting daily activities, or both.
- Common chronic diseases in the elderly include arthritis, stroke, diabetes, chronic lower respiratory diseases, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease.
- Individuals with chronic diseases may have pre-existing health problems such as alcoholism, substance abuse, mental illness, and developmental disabilities.
Basic and Complex Activities of Daily Living
- Loss of functional ability in aspects like vision, hearing, mobility, communication, cognition and self-care is associated in aging.
- Inability to perform complex thinking and organizational skills (IADLs) is also a factor.
- Managing finances, shopping, preparing meals, and taking medications are IADLs.
- Basic activities of daily living (ADLs) include eating, bathing, dressing, maintaining personal hygiene, and mobility.
- Chronic disease and loss of ability to complete ADLs/IADLs lead to the need for long-term care services and support.
- In 2016, a survey of independent seniors found that 69% of those aged 85 and older had one or more disabilities, compared to 9% of those under 65.
- Stroke and dementia are major debilitating conditions, functional impairments associated with older adults.
- Alzheimer's disease is a common cause of dementia.
- Dementia is a decline in cognitive function affecting memory, language, and problem-solving.
Medicare for Older Adults
- Medicare-covered benefits apply mostly to treating patients with acute illnesses requiring hospitalization and short-term skilled nursing care.
- Medicare benefits include rehabilitation centers, nursing homes, and home healthcare.
- Medicare is divided into four parts (A, B, C, and D).
- Deductibles and copayments are part of the Medicare structure.
Medicaid for Older Adults
- Medicaid is supplemental insurance for the elderly and disabled.
- Medicaid covers services not covered under Medicare like prescription drugs.
- It pays Medicare premiums.
- Medicaid is the primary payer for long-term services and supports (LTSS).
- Medicaid spousal impoverishment provisions protect a certain amount of a couple's combined resources for the spouse living in the community.
Long-Term Services and Supports (LTSS)
- Long-term health care is help needed by people of any age unable to perform basic ADLs due to physical and/or mental impairment.
- Preadmission Screening and Resident Review (PASRR) is part of LTSS.
- Intermediate care facilities for people with intellectual disabilities (ICF/IDs).
- Inpatient psychiatric services for people under age 21 are part of LTSS.
- Services for older adults (age 65+) in institutions for mental diseases are part of LTSS.
- Nursing facilities (NF) and skilled nursing facilities (SNF) provide LTSS.
Community Long-Term Care Services
- Privately funded long-term care providers regulated by federal and/or state governments include adult day care, residential care communities, home health agencies, and hospice.
National Study of Long-Term Care Providers
- A study by NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics) provides 2016 data on long-term care services in the U.S.
- 65,000 long-term care service providers serve over 8.3 million people annually.
Long-Term Care Providers in the US (2016)
- 44% of care providers are residential care communities.
- 24% are nursing homes.
- 19% are home health agencies.
- 7% are adult day care services.
- 7% are hospice services.
Comparison of Most Common Diagnoses (2015–2016)
- Diagnoses like heart disease, diabetes, depression, arthritis, Alzheimer's disease are common among nursing home residents. Data from home healthcare agencies shows similar trends.
Percentage of People Using Long-Term Care Services Needing Assistance with ADLs (2015-2016)
- Bathing, dressing, toileting, walking, transferring, eating are areas of assistance needing care. Home healthcare, nursing homes, and residential care communities are all venues for assistance in these areas, but the level of assistance sought differs.
Nonmedical Care Facilities
- These facilities provide essential services like rooms, meals, housekeeping, medication management, assistance with ADLs, and recreational activities.
- They might provide transportation for shopping and doctor visits.
- They can be part of a retirement community, nursing home, senior housing complex or a stand-alone facility.
- Some are part of a continuing care community.
Home Health Agencies
- Provide part-time nursing and medical care in patients' homes.
- They provide services including physical, speech, occupational therapy, social services, and medical supplies such as wheelchairs, walkers.
Hospice
- Hospice care helps manage pain and other symptoms associated with dying when conventional treatments are no longer helpful.
- Services include emotional, psychological, and spiritual support for the patient and family.
- Bereavement counseling for surviving family and friends.
- Necessary medications, medical supplies, and equipment.
Adult Day Care Services
- Adult day care supplements home care services, providing a lower cost alternative to residential care or nursing care.
- Supervision can be provided for dementia or assistance with ADLs.
- It can help maintain physical or cognitive function; and supports social activities.
- Some adult day cares provide meals and snacks.
- Most adult day care facilities provide transportation.
Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE)
- PACE programs encourage states to offer a comprehensive range of Medicaid and Medicare benefits to enable older indivdiuals with chronic needs to live in the community rather than a facility.
- PACE incorporates preventive, primary, acute, and long-term care.
The Aging Network
- A network of federal, state, and local entities supports older Americans to live independently.
- The major components of the network include the U.S. Administration on Aging (AOA), state aging units, Area Agencies on Aging (AAAs), and Title VI Native American aging programs.
- Senior centers are crucial, delivering 60% of network services.
Demographic Trends and Projections
- Measures of disease and disability differ by race and ethnicity.
- Shifts in the US population are expected, with a decrease in the percentage of Caucasians and an increase in other racial groups.
- Health professionals must address cultural competence and implement tailored approaches.
Health Literacy
- Limited health literacy affects diverse people regardless of age, race, income, or education.
- It disproportionately affects lower socioeconomic groups, minorities, and older adults.
- Key elements include ability to understand medical information, follow directions, and negotiate healthcare systems.
- Health literacy is linked with worse health outcomes and higher health care costs.
Personnel Needs
- Healthcare professionals will routinely serve older people.
- This workload will make up approximately one-third to two-thirds of all healthcare workers' time.
- The amount of trained caregivers will be significantly below the demands for the future.
- Future education needs for health professionals include interprofessional education, understanding geriatrics, healthcare competency, recognizing ethnic and socioeconomic factors, and acknowledging health literacy issues.
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Description
This quiz explores the implications of an aging population on health services and chronic disease management. It highlights key statistics and trends affecting older adults, particularly around Medicare and care coordination. Test your knowledge on the challenges faced by the increasing elderly demographic.
