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Questions and Answers
By what year is the population aged 65 years and older projected to outnumber children under the age of 18?
By what year is the population aged 65 years and older projected to outnumber children under the age of 18?
The fastest growing segment of the population is individuals aged 65 and older.
The fastest growing segment of the population is individuals aged 65 and older.
False
What percentage of the population is expected to be nonwhite by 2050?
What percentage of the population is expected to be nonwhite by 2050?
53%
By 2060, nearly one in _____ Americans will be at least 65 years old.
By 2060, nearly one in _____ Americans will be at least 65 years old.
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Match the following age groups with their projected growth rates:
Match the following age groups with their projected growth rates:
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What is likely to be a major healthcare need for Medicare beneficiaries with multiple chronic conditions?
What is likely to be a major healthcare need for Medicare beneficiaries with multiple chronic conditions?
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The overall aging of the population is primarily caused by increasing fertility rates.
The overall aging of the population is primarily caused by increasing fertility rates.
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What is one of the primary purposes of the PACE program?
What is one of the primary purposes of the PACE program?
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Senior centers are not commonly where services for the elderly are delivered.
Senior centers are not commonly where services for the elderly are delivered.
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What are ADLs in the context of services for the elderly?
What are ADLs in the context of services for the elderly?
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The network supporting older Americans includes the Administration on Aging, state aging units, and __________.
The network supporting older Americans includes the Administration on Aging, state aging units, and __________.
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Match the following services with their descriptions:
Match the following services with their descriptions:
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What percentage of individuals aged 85 and older had at least one type of disability according to the survey?
What percentage of individuals aged 85 and older had at least one type of disability according to the survey?
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Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of functional impairments among older adults.
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of functional impairments among older adults.
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What condition is characterized by a decline in cognitive function affecting memory, language, and problem-solving skills?
What condition is characterized by a decline in cognitive function affecting memory, language, and problem-solving skills?
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Medicare is divided into _____ parts.
Medicare is divided into _____ parts.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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Which service does Medicaid NOT cover?
Which service does Medicaid NOT cover?
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The Medicaid program is the sole safety-net program for long-term services and supports.
The Medicaid program is the sole safety-net program for long-term services and supports.
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Name one of the two most common debilitating conditions among older adults.
Name one of the two most common debilitating conditions among older adults.
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The most common cause of dementia is _____ disease.
The most common cause of dementia is _____ disease.
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What is the primary focus of Long-Term Services and Supports (LTSS)?
What is the primary focus of Long-Term Services and Supports (LTSS)?
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Intermediate care facilities are exclusively for individuals with physical disabilities.
Intermediate care facilities are exclusively for individuals with physical disabilities.
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What group of individuals receives inpatient psychiatric services under LTSS?
What group of individuals receives inpatient psychiatric services under LTSS?
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Home health agencies and adult day care are examples of __________ services.
Home health agencies and adult day care are examples of __________ services.
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Match the type of long-term care service with its description:
Match the type of long-term care service with its description:
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What is typically NOT provided by residential care communities?
What is typically NOT provided by residential care communities?
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Which of the following data was included in the National Study of Long-Term Care Providers?
Which of the following data was included in the National Study of Long-Term Care Providers?
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Long-term care providers only serve individuals aged 65 and older.
Long-term care providers only serve individuals aged 65 and older.
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Home health agencies provide full-time nursing care in medical facilities.
Home health agencies provide full-time nursing care in medical facilities.
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What organization conducted the study on long-term care providers?
What organization conducted the study on long-term care providers?
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What type of care focuses on managing pain and other symptoms associated with dying?
What type of care focuses on managing pain and other symptoms associated with dying?
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Adult day care provides a less costly alternative to a __________ facility.
Adult day care provides a less costly alternative to a __________ facility.
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The percentage of people needing assistance when using long-term care services can be observed in __________.
The percentage of people needing assistance when using long-term care services can be observed in __________.
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Which type of facility is NOT categorized under long-term services and supports?
Which type of facility is NOT categorized under long-term services and supports?
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Match the following nonmedical care facilities with their key services:
Match the following nonmedical care facilities with their key services:
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Which of the following services might a home health agency provide?
Which of the following services might a home health agency provide?
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Hospice care includes bereavement counseling for family and friends after a patient's passing.
Hospice care includes bereavement counseling for family and friends after a patient's passing.
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What type of facility may be part of a continuing care community?
What type of facility may be part of a continuing care community?
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Hospice care provides emotional and psychological support alongside __________ support.
Hospice care provides emotional and psychological support alongside __________ support.
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What is a common feature of adult day care services?
What is a common feature of adult day care services?
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Study Notes
Aging, Health, and Long-Term Care
- The population 65 years and older will significantly increase by 2030.
- More services will be needed to treat chronic and acute conditions, along with disabilities.
- Medicare beneficiaries with multiple chronic conditions, especially the frail elderly with functional or cognitive impairments, will need care coordination.
- Since 2011, the number of older people has substantially increased.
- By 2034, older adults are projected to outnumber children under 18.
- By 2060, nearly one in four Americans will be at least 65 years old.
- The population is aging due to increasing life expectancy and decreasing fertility rates.
- The old-old (85 and older) segment of the population is growing the fastest.
- The percentage of people aged 65 and older is projected to grow more slowly after 2030.
- In 2050, 53% of the population will be non-white, compared to 21% in 2014.
Common Health Problems in an Aging Population
- Chronic diseases last for one year or longer and require ongoing medical attention, limiting daily living activities.
- Common chronic diseases among the elderly include arthritis, stroke, diabetes, chronic lower respiratory diseases, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease.
- Pre-existing health problems such as alcoholism, substance abuse, mental illness, and developmental disabilities may be associated with chronic diseases.
Basic and Complex Activities of Daily Living
- Loss of functional ability with aging, including limitations in vision, hearing, mobility, communication, cognition, and self-care.
- Inability to perform complex tasks requiring more complex thinking and organization.
- Examples of IADLs include managing money, shopping, preparing meals, and taking medications.
- ADLs involve basic skills needed for independent self-care, such as eating, bathing, dressing, maintaining hygiene, and mobility.
- Chronic disease and a loss of ability to perform ADLs and IADLs lead to the need for long-term care.
- In 2016, about 69% of people aged 85 and older had at least one type of disability, compared to 9% of the population under 65.
- Stroke and dementia are significant causes of functional impairment in older adults.
- Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia, characterized by a decline in cognitive function affecting memory, language, and problem-solving.
Medicare for Older Adults
- Medicare-covered benefits mostly apply to treatment of patients with acute illnesses requiring hospitalization and short-term skilled nursing care.
- Medicare covers rehabilitation centers, nursing homes, home healthcare, and is divided into four parts (deductible and copayments).
Medicaid for Older Adults
- Medicaid covers a broad range of services not covered by Medicare, acting as supplemental insurance for the elderly and disabled.
- Medicaid pays Medicare premiums and covers prescription drugs.
- The Medicaid program is the primary payer for long-term services and supports (LTSS).
- Medicaid spousal impoverishment provisions protect a certain amount of the couple's combined resources for the spouse living in the community.
Long-Term Services and Supports (LTSS)
- LTSS help people of any age unable to complete basic ADLs due to physical or mental impairments.
- LTSS include preadmission screening and resident review (PASRR).
- LTSS cover intermediate care facilities for individuals with intellectual disabilities (ICF/ID).
- LTSS include inpatient psychiatric services for individuals under 21, services for older adults in institutions for mental diseases, nursing facilities (NF), and skilled nursing facilities (SNF).
Community Long-Term Care Services
- Include privately funded providers regulated by federal and/or state governments and include adult day care, residential care communities, home health agencies, and hospice.
National Study of Long-Term Care Providers
- A study conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) in 2016.
- 65,000 long-term care service providers serving more than 8.3 million people annually.
- Main types of long-term care services and providers include residential care communities, nursing homes, home healthcare agencies, adult day care services, and hospice.
Health Literacy
- Limited health literacy affects people of all ages, races, incomes, and education levels.
- Health literacy disproportionately impacts lower socioeconomic and minority groups, those with low English proficiency, and older adults.
- Health literacy includes understanding instructions on prescription drugs, appointments, medical information, directions, consent forms, and negotiating complex healthcare systems.
- Limited health literacy is associated with worse health outcomes and higher costs.
Personnel Needs
- Healthcare practitioners will routinely serve older people in the future as part of their regular duties, making up approximately one-third to two-thirds of healthcare personnel workload.
- The current workforce will not be enough to meet the growing need.
- Future education for health professions and interprofessional education (IPE) is vital.
- Health professionals need broader understanding and competence in geriatrics.
- Health literacy factors and knowledge of different ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic groups including recent immigrants are important.
Nonmedical Care Facilities
- Include residential care communities/assisted-living facilities that provide room, meals, housekeeping, medication management, assistance with ADLs, and recreational activities.
- Some may include transportation for shopping or doctor visits.
- Often part of a retirement community, nursing home, senior housing complex, or a stand-alone facility.
Home Health Agencies
- Provide part-time nursing and medical care in patients' homes.
- Offer additional services such as physical, speech, and occupational therapy, social services, and medical supplies.
Hospice
- Hospice care manages pain and symptoms associated with dying when conventional treatment is no longer beneficial.
- Provides emotional, psychological, and spiritual support for patients and families.
- Offers bereavement counseling for surviving families and friends.
- May include necessary medications, medical supplies, and equipment.
Adult Day Care Services
- Supplement home care services, or provide less costly alternatives to residential/nursing care facilities.
- Provide supervision, therapeutic treatment to maintain functioning, social/recreational activities, meals, and snacks.
- Often include medical services and transportation.
Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE)
- Encourages states to provide a single delivery system for Medicaid and Medicare benefits to improve care coordination, reduce administrative burdens, and provide comprehensive care to older adults with chronic care needs.
- Allows older adults to live in the community.
The Aging Network
- A system of federal, state, and local entities supporting older Americans in living independently.
- Includes the Administration on Aging, state aging units, Area Agencies on Aging, and Native American aging programs.
- Senior centers are the focal point of services, accounting for 60%.
Demographic Trends and Projections
- There are expected shifts in the U.S. population with a decrease in the Caucasian population and an increase in other racial groups.
- Many measures of disease and disability differ significantly by race and ethnicity.
- The racial and ethnic makeup requires health professionals to address cultural competence to serve specific population groups.
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Description
This quiz explores the dynamics related to aging, health care, and long-term care as the population ages. Understand the challenges faced by the elderly, including the rise of chronic diseases and the implications for health services. Prepare to learn about significant demographic changes projected up to 2060.
