Aggression and Violence Concepts

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Questions and Answers

What is a key consequence of parents using physical control strategies more with sons than daughters?

Sons develop less aggressive behavior than daughters.

Children learn to model aggression from their parents. (correct)

Daughters become more physically controlling than sons.

Sons receive more emotional support than daughters.

In which type of environment is an honour culture most likely to develop?

Troubled neighborhoods with limited authority. (correct)

Well-regulated communities with high law enforcement.

Wealthy suburbs with strong community ties.

Educational institutions focused on conflict resolution.

What does a culture of honour typically expect in terms of responses to insults?

Calm discussions and conflict resolution.

Disproportionate levels of violence over minor offenses. (correct)

Public apologies to restore reputation.

Legal processes to address grievances.

According to social learning theory, what role do parents play in the aggression seen in children?

Their display of aggression promotes gender stereotypes. Signup and view all the answers

How might the aggressive behavior of a child be affected if a parent uses physical control on them at the age of three?

They may display aggression even earlier at age four. Signup and view all the answers

What is one factor that contributes to negative affect?

Frustration Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, how does proximity affect frustration?

Greater proximity increases frustration when something is taken away. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the difference in aggression is attributed to gender, according to Hyde (1984)?

5% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about aggression and gender is true?

Men exhibit greater aggression unprovoked than women. Signup and view all the answers

What type of aggression is noted to be used more by girls?

Indirect aggression Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes aggression from violence?

Aggression can be verbal or physical; violence specifically causes extreme harm. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence aggression according to the provided content?

Conflict resolution skills Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the features of aggression is correct?

Victims of aggression must desire to avoid harm. Signup and view all the answers

Boys are primarily noted for which type of aggression?

Physical aggression Signup and view all the answers

According to the Frustration-Aggression Theory, what is the relationship between frustration and aggression?

Frustration can cause emotions other than aggression. Signup and view all the answers

What was a key finding from Archer and McDaniel's 1995 study regarding teenagers' responses to conflicts?

Men showed a greater tendency towards violent solutions across all countries studied. Signup and view all the answers

In the Reformulated Frustration-Aggression Model, what must happen for frustration to lead to aggressive behavior?

Frustration must generate negative affect. Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of the original Frustration-Aggression Theory?

It solely focuses on frustration as the cause of aggression. Signup and view all the answers

How does the likelihood of aggression increase when faced with frustration?

By having expectations that something will go wrong. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would NOT result in aggression, according to the content?

Frustration when outcomes are anticipated. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding aggressive behavior?

Aggression may or may not achieve its intended goal. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the development of a culture of honour in the Southern USA?

To ensure self-reliance in the pursuit of justice Signup and view all the answers

How does testosterone affect aggression according to the findings?

It both causes and results from aggressive behavior Signup and view all the answers

What factor increases the perception of an insult as a threat to one's honour?

The public nature of the insult Signup and view all the answers

What correlation is observed in honour cultures regarding domestic violence?

Increased intimate partner violence Signup and view all the answers

What is Hostile Attribution Bias linked to?

High levels of anxiety and fear Signup and view all the answers

What outcome is likely for children with a high hostile attribution style?

Increased risk of martial conflict in adulthood Signup and view all the answers

What trend is observed in American presidents from the South regarding military engagement?

More likely to engage in war and succeed Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is commonly exhibited by aggressive individuals when facing ambiguous situations?

They interpret the situation as a threat Signup and view all the answers

What is a key relationship mentioned regarding hostile attribution bias?

It is correlated with aggression. Signup and view all the answers

Why is alcohol used in combat situations according to the content?

To reduce anxiety and increase aggression. Signup and view all the answers

What does alcohol do to glucose levels in the brain?

Reduces glucose levels. Signup and view all the answers

How does schema theory relate to alcohol and aggression?

Alcohol increases aggression due to pre-existing expectations. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does exposure to violent media have on children according to the findings?

It leads to greater aggressiveness towards friends. Signup and view all the answers

What was observed after televised boxing matches regarding racial violence?

If a black man lost, more black men were murdered. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of watching violent TV on emotional responses to real life violence?

It decreases emotional response and empathy towards violence. Signup and view all the answers

According to the findings discussed, how does watching aggressive films affect responses to provocation?

It conditions viewers to become more aggressive and reactive. Signup and view all the answers

According to Social Learning Theory, exposure to violent media can lead individuals to develop which of the following?

Aggressive or violent scripts Signup and view all the answers

What significant finding was mentioned regarding previous experience with violent video games and aggression?

It has no relation to aggression in laboratory studies. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Catharsis Hypothesis suggest about aggression?

It requires release through various activities, including video games. Signup and view all the answers

What did the study find regarding the control group's aggression levels compared to other groups?

The control group showed lower aggression levels. Signup and view all the answers

How has research on video games and aggression been criticized regarding publication bias?

Studies favor results that support pre-existing beliefs about violent video games. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the Mood Management theory in relation to violent video games?

Individuals choose violent media to match a negative mood. Signup and view all the answers

What issue was identified in studies evaluating the Catharsis Hypothesis?

Proper frustration was not induced before game play. Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion should be drawn from the findings related to violent video games as a means to manage feelings?

They may not be an appropriate means for emotional management. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Aggression Defined

Aggression is any behavior—physical, verbal, or relational—intended to harm someone who does not want to be harmed.

Features of Aggression

Aggressive behavior is observable action, not internal thoughts or feelings.
Aggression is intentional, not accidental.
Victims want to avoid harm.
Aggression may or may not achieve its goal.
The aim is to hurt another person intentionally.

Violence Defined

Violence is aggression intended to cause extreme physical harm, including serious injury or death.

Frustration Aggression Theory 1

Aggressive behavior is always caused by frustration.
Frustration always leads to aggression.
Frustration occurs when a person is prevented from achieving a goal.

Limitations & Problems of Frustration Aggression Theory 1

Ignores other causes of aggression, such as tiredness, anxiety, or being overwhelmed.
Frustration can result in other emotions besides aggression, such as sadness or depression.

Reformulated Frustration-Aggression Model 2

Frustration leads to aggression only when it produces negative affect.
Frustration and other discomforts lead to aggression when they elicit negative affect and aggressive inclinations.

Factors influencing the likelihood of aggression

If frustration is unintentional or meaningless: This reduces the likelihood of aggression.
Anticipating difficulties: Anticipating a problem reduces frustration.
Failing to reach a goal: Failing to reach a goal close to completion will result in increased frustration, negative affect, and aggression.
Importance of expectations: Understanding that you may not achieve a goal will lessen frustration and aggression.
Closeness to attainment: Being very close to achieving something but then not succeeding will result in greater frustration.

Negative Affect and its Causes

Frustration
Pain
Discomfort
Heat or humidity
Offensive odors

Factors influencing aggression (other than negative affect)

Personality
Mood
Gender
Culture
Cognitive biases
Alcohol
Media

Social norms influence aggressive behaviors.
Consequences can prevent aggression.
Target Attributions: Men often translate aggression into behavior more than women
Victim Attributions: Aggression often directed at those of the same gender/sex and those of a younger, or perceived weaker, age.

Gender and Aggression

Hyde (1984): Gender difference for aggression is minimal (only 5%).
Unprovoked men are more physically aggressive than unprovoked women.
Emotional arousal increases aggression in men.
Men are generally more physically aggressive than women. However, women may be more indirect.

Gender & Culture & Aggression 2

Men tend to have a more violent approach in conflict resolutions.
Women in some cultures more aggressive than men.

Children learn aggressive behavior via observation, observation of aggressive parents is a contributing factor.
Parents' behaviors contribute to gender differences in aggression.
Physical discipline by parents can increase aggression in children.

Culture of Honour

An honor culture is where individuals feel obligated to protect their reputation and use insults, threats, and violence to do so.
Honor cultures exist in America, Southern America, inner-city neighbourhoods, the Middle East, and jails.
Honor cultures tend to develop in areas with a lack of law enforcement or ineffective authority.
Individuals in honor cultures respond with disproportionate levels of violence over small things; trying to establish dominance, protect themselves and deter others from interfering.

Why do honor cultures develop?

Lack of authority
Lack of law enforcement
No reliable authority to protect citizens
People feel the need to protect themselves

Results of Testosterone and Aggression:

Testosterone increases aggressive responses.
Testosterone Increases anticipation of aggression.
Testosterone is both a cause and a consequence of aggression.
An insult is a more significant trigger for aggression when done in front of an audience. Public insults negatively affect masculinity in those from honor cultures.

Media Influence on Aggression

Southern men try to prove their masculinity through aggression
Exposure of honor cultures increase: intimate partner, school and other forms of violence.
Reduced use of mental health services.
The more violent content people consume via social media, the less likely to be aroused by those violent acts in real life.

Cognitive Biases and Aggression

Hostile Attribution Bias: Perceiving ambiguous actions as hostile
High hostile attribution = aggression
Hostile attribution develops through early experiences and personality styles.
Aggressive people tend to interpret ambiguous situations as threats and hostile intentions
The correlation between hostile attribution bias and aggression is observed but not causal

Alcohol and Aggression

Disinhibiting effect, reduces caution and self-awareness.
Reduced glucose levels due to alcohol impacting self-control.
Alcohol expectancy effect: Increased aggression is expected and perceived.
Alcohol is linked to aggression.
Society and culture contribute to expectations that alcohol is linked to aggression.

Video Game Violence and Aggression

Research on the link between video games and aggression yielded mixed and inconclusive results.
Some studies show a correlation but often fail to consider alternative factors or methodology.

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Description

This quiz explores the definitions and features of aggression and violence, including the Frustration Aggression Theory. Understand how aggressive behaviors are characterized and the limitations of different theories surrounding aggression.