Questions and Answers
What is one method used to treat skin tissue infections?
Which type of treatment typically involves administration through inhalation?
What condition is characterized by infections affecting skin and soft tissues?
What does the term 'intravenous' refer to in the context of infections?
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Which factor is crucial in diagnosing skin infections?
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What underlying condition can lead to more severe skin infections?
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What is a common symptom associated with respiratory tract infections?
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Infectious agents involved in skin infections are often transmitted through what means?
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What type of bacteria are usually responsible for skin infections?
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Why might urgent treatment of skin infections be necessary?
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Study Notes
General Adverse Effects
- GI effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain are common side effects, indicating gut disturbance.
- Bone marrow suppression: leads to anemia (low red blood cells), thrombocytopenia (low platelet counts), and leukopenia (low white blood cells), increasing infection risk.
- Grey baby syndrome: observed in newborns, characterized by vomiting, abdominal distension, and a grayish-blue skin color.
- Neurological effects: includes headache, confusion, and seizures, highlighting potential brain impacts.
- Visual disturbances: symptoms like blurred vision and double vision can occur, indicating possible ocular side effects.
- Hypersensitivity reactions: may present as fever, rash, and joint pain, indicating immune response to the drug.
Chloramphenicol
- Mechanism of action: inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation.
- Resistance mechanisms: bacteria may develop resistance through:
- Enzymatic inactivation of the drug.
- Alterations in ribosome binding sites, preventing effective binding.
- Reduced uptake by cell membranes.
- Therapeutic uses:
- Effective against typhoid fever, bacterial meningitis, conjunctivitis, and various enteric infections.
- Particularly useful for G+ bacteria and some cases of bacterial conjunctivitis.
Oxazolidinones
- Common drugs include linezolid and tedizolid, effective against multi-drug resistant pathogens.
- Mechanism of action: target the 50S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting protein synthesis and acting on the initiation complex.
- Resistance mechanisms:
- Mutations in the 23S rRNA binding site on the ribosome, which is the most common resistance mechanism encountered.
- Production of alternate ribosomal proteins that avoid antibiotic effects and maintain protein synthesis.
- Efflux pumps expelling the drug to lower effective concentrations.
- Enzymatic modification of the antibiotic structure, rendering it inactive.
Side Effects and Considerations
- Adverse effects of oxazolidinones include headache, dizziness, insomnia, and rash.
- Serious risks: myelosuppression (suppressing bone marrow function), optic neuropathy, and hematopoietic disorders, especially with linezolid.
- Continuous monitoring of blood cell counts is recommended due to potential risks of cytopenias (lowered blood components).### Streptogramins
- Antimicrobial agents primarily used for treating:
- Cellulitis
- Cancer-associated pain
- Bone and joint infections
- Bloodstream infections (sepsis)
- Tuberculosis in combination with other drugs
Adverse Effects
- Common gastrointestinal effects include:
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Abdominal pain
Additional Uses
- Effective against:
- Skin and soft tissue infections
- Respiratory tract infections
- Intra-abdominal infections
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Description
This quiz covers various adverse drug reactions, focusing on gastrointestinal effects, bone marrow suppression, and neurological symptoms. Test your understanding of conditions such as grey baby syndrome and hypersensitivity reactions. Gain insights into the clinical significance of these effects in patient care.
