Advanced Python Topics

• The course is aimed at an intermediate skill level, requiring some basic Python knowledge, and covers advanced topics to bring Python skills to the next level.

• The course is divided into 21 sections, covering essential topics every experienced Python programmer should know.

• A list is a collection data type that is ordered, mutable, and allows duplicate elements.

• Lists are created with square brackets, and elements are separated by commas.

• Lists can contain different data types, such as integers, Booleans, and strings.

• Lists allow duplicate elements, and elements can be accessed by referring to their index, which starts at zero.

• Negative indices can be used, with -1 referring to the last item, -2 referring to the second last item, and so on.

• Lists can be iterated over using a for loop.

• The 'in' keyword can be used to check if an item is in a list.

• The 'len' method returns the number of elements in a list.

• The 'append' method is used to add items to a list.

• The 'insert' method is used to insert items at a specific position in a list.

• The 'remove' method is used to remove the first occurrence of an item in a list.

• The 'clear' method is used to remove all elements from a list.

• Lists can be reversed using the 'reverse' method.

• Lists can be sorted using the 'sort' method, which sorts in place.

• The 'sorted' function can be used to create a new sorted list without changing the original list.

• Lists can be multiplied to create a new list with the same elements repeated multiple times.

• Lists can be concatenated using the '+' operator.

• Slicing is a way to access sub-parts of a list using the colon operator, allowing for specification of start and stop indices, and an optional step index.

• Slicing can be used to create a new list with a subset of elements from an original list.

• Lists can be copied using the 'copy' method, the 'list' function, or slicing with a colon operator.

• List comprehension is a way to create a new list from an existing list using a single line of code, with an expression and a for loop.

• Tuples are a collection data type that is ordered and immutable.

• Tuples are created with parentheses, and elements are separated by commas.

• Tuples are often used for objects that belong together.

• Parentheses are optional when creating a tuple, and tuples can contain different data types.

• A tuple with one element requires a comma after the element to distinguish it from an expression.• A tuple is a collection of data that is ordered and immutable, and it is created with parentheses.

• To create a tuple with a single element, a comma must be included after the element, otherwise, it is recognized as a string.

• Tuples can be created using the built-in tuple function, which can take an iterable as an argument.

• Elements in a tuple can be accessed using indexing, with the index starting at 0.

• Negative indexing can be used to access elements from the end of the tuple, with -1 referring to the last element.

• Tuples are immutable, which means elements cannot be changed or assigned after creation.

• The len() method can be used to get the number of elements in a tuple.

• The count() method can be used to count the occurrences of a specific element in a tuple.

• The index() method can be used to find the first occurrence of a specific element in a tuple.

• Tuples can be converted to lists and vice versa using the list() and tuple() functions.

• Slicing can be used to access sub-parts of a tuple, with the syntax tuple[start:stop:step].

• The step argument can be omitted, and it defaults to 1.

• A negative step can be used to reverse the tuple.

• Unpacking can be used to assign elements of a tuple to separate variables.

• The number of variables must match the number of elements in the tuple, otherwise, a ValueError will be raised.

• A dictionary is a collection of data that is unordered and mutable, and it is created with braces.

• Dictionaries consist of key-value pairs, where each key is mapped to a specific value.

• The dict() function can be used to create a dictionary from an iterable of key-value pairs.

• Elements in a dictionary can be accessed using their keys, with the syntax dictionary[key].

• If a key is not found in the dictionary, a KeyError will be raised.

• Dictionaries are mutable, which means elements can be added or changed after creation.

• The del statement or the pop() method can be used to delete items from a dictionary.

• The popitem() method can be used to remove an arbitrary item from a dictionary.

• The update() method can be used to merge two dictionaries, overwriting existing keys.

• The keys() method can be used to get a list of all keys in a dictionary.

• The values() method can be used to get a list of all values in a dictionary.

• The items() method can be used to get a list of all key-value pairs in a dictionary.

• A set is a collection of data that is unordered and mutable, and it does not allow duplicate elements.

• A set is created with braces, just like a dictionary, but without key-value pairs.

• The set() function can be used to create a set from an iterable.

• Elements in a set can be accessed using an for-in loop.

• The add() method can be used to add elements to a set.

• The remove() method can be used to remove elements from a set, or the discard() method can be used to avoid raising a KeyError if the element is not found.

• The pop() method can be used to remove an arbitrary element from a set.

• The clear() method can be used to empty a set.

• The union(), intersection(), and difference() methods can be used to perform set operations.

• The symmetric_difference() method can be used to get a set with all elements from both sets, but not the elements that are in both sets.

• The update() method can be used to modify a set in place, adding elements from another set.

• The intersection_update() method can be used to modify a set in place, keeping only the elements found in both sets.

• The difference_update() method can be used to modify a set in place, removing elements found in another set.

• The symmetric_difference_update() method can be used to modify a set in place, keeping only the elements found in both sets, but not the elements that are in both sets.Here are the summarized bullet points:

• In sets, is subset and is superset methods are used to check if all elements of one set are in another set or vice versa.

• is subset returns True if all elements of the first set are in the second set, and False otherwise.

• is superset returns True if the first set contains all elements of the second set, and False otherwise.

• Two sets are disjoint if they have no elements in common, and the is disjoint method returns True if they are disjoint and False otherwise.

• When copying a set, a simple assignment only copies the reference, so modifying the copy also modifies the original.

• To make an actual copy of a set, use the copy method or the set method with the original set as an argument.

• A frozen set is an immutable collection data type, and it cannot be changed after creation.

• A string is an ordered and immutable collection data type used for text representation.

• Strings can be created with single or double quotes, and triple quotes are used for multi-line strings.

• To access characters or sub-strings in a string, use indexing or slicing with square brackets.

• A string is immutable, so it cannot be changed in place.

• The strip method removes whitespace from a string, but does not change the original string.

• The upper and lower methods convert a string to upper or lower case, respectively.

• The startswith and endswith methods check if a string starts or ends with a specific character or sub-string.

• The find method returns the index of the first occurrence of a character or sub-string in a string, or -1 if not found.

• The count method returns the number of occurrences of a character or sub-string in a string.

• The replace method replaces a character or sub-string in a string with a new value.

• The split method splits a string into a list of words, and the join method concatenates a list of words into a string.

• The join method is more efficient and cleaner than using a loop to concatenate a list of strings.

• There are three ways to format strings: the old style with the % operator, the new style with the format method, and the newest style with f-strings.

• The old style uses placeholders like %s or %d and is less readable and less efficient.

• The new style uses placeholders like {} and is more readable and efficient.

• The newest style with f-strings uses placeholders like {var} and is the most readable and efficient.

• The collections module provides special container data types, including the counter, named tuple, ordered dict, default dict, and deque.

• The counter is a container that stores elements as dictionary keys and their counts as dictionary values.

• The counter can be used with any iterable, and provides methods like most_common to get the most common elements.