Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main goal of drug targeting?
What is the main goal of drug targeting?
- Reduce the drug's potency
- Increase the overall dose of the drug
- Enhance the drug's toxicity
- Direct the drug specifically to where its activity is desired (correct)
Why is targeting more difficult to achieve via the systemic route compared to local application?
Why is targeting more difficult to achieve via the systemic route compared to local application?
- Specific organs are more accessible locally
- Specific organs are harder to reach systemically (correct)
- Systemic route allows for easier targeting
- Local delivery methods are more expensive
What is one of the key points of drug targeting mentioned in the text?
What is one of the key points of drug targeting mentioned in the text?
- To have sustained activity at the site over the desired period (correct)
- To increase drug toxicity
- To reduce therapeutic profile
- To cause immediate effects at the target site
Which type of targeting is mentioned as easy for local application in the text?
Which type of targeting is mentioned as easy for local application in the text?
How does drug targeting help in reducing toxicity?
How does drug targeting help in reducing toxicity?
What is the primary requirement for a nanomaterial to be used in therapeutics?
What is the primary requirement for a nanomaterial to be used in therapeutics?
What is the role of antibodies in drug delivery systems?
What is the role of antibodies in drug delivery systems?
What is the most abundant type of antibody produced in humans?
What is the most abundant type of antibody produced in humans?
What type of endothelium has numerous gaps of varying sizes?
What type of endothelium has numerous gaps of varying sizes?
Which of the following organs or tissues has a discontinuous endothelium?
Which of the following organs or tissues has a discontinuous endothelium?
What is the primary mechanism by which passive targeting occurs?
What is the primary mechanism by which passive targeting occurs?
Which of the following is an example of active targeting?
Which of the following is an example of active targeting?
What is the size range of nanomaterials as defined in nanotechnology?
What is the size range of nanomaterials as defined in nanotechnology?
What is the primary role of nanomaterials in nanopharmaceuticals?
What is the primary role of nanomaterials in nanopharmaceuticals?
Which of the following is not a type of active targeting?
Which of the following is not a type of active targeting?
What is the primary mechanism by which nanoscience findings inform nanotechnology?
What is the primary mechanism by which nanoscience findings inform nanotechnology?
What role does the sub-endothelial basement membrane play in drug targeting?
What role does the sub-endothelial basement membrane play in drug targeting?
Which of the following is not a mode of drug targeting?
Which of the following is not a mode of drug targeting?
What is the primary function of the Mononuclear Phagocytic System?
What is the primary function of the Mononuclear Phagocytic System?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for an effective drug-targeting system?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for an effective drug-targeting system?
What is the purpose of adding a hydrophilic polymer coat to a carrier system?
What is the purpose of adding a hydrophilic polymer coat to a carrier system?
What is the process where the surface of a particle or pathogen is marked/coated by molecules for easier recognition and destruction by phagocytes?
What is the process where the surface of a particle or pathogen is marked/coated by molecules for easier recognition and destruction by phagocytes?
Which of the following is NOT a main type of delivery system for targeting drugs?
Which of the following is NOT a main type of delivery system for targeting drugs?
What is the primary factor influencing the clearance of particles by the Mononuclear Phagocytic System?
What is the primary factor influencing the clearance of particles by the Mononuclear Phagocytic System?
What is the role of opsonins in the process of phagocytosis?
What is the role of opsonins in the process of phagocytosis?
What is the purpose of a prodrug?
What is the purpose of a prodrug?
Which of the following is NOT a barrier to effective drug targeting?
Which of the following is NOT a barrier to effective drug targeting?
What is the purpose of the drug being retained over a suitable period at the target site once delivered?
What is the purpose of the drug being retained over a suitable period at the target site once delivered?
What is the main reason for the constant alteration of the antigenic structure of influenza A and B viruses?
What is the main reason for the constant alteration of the antigenic structure of influenza A and B viruses?
Which enzyme is involved in synthesizing new genomes during replication of the influenza virus?
Which enzyme is involved in synthesizing new genomes during replication of the influenza virus?
What does the reassortment of genomic segments during co-infection lead to in the influenza virus?
What does the reassortment of genomic segments during co-infection lead to in the influenza virus?
Why do RNA genomes mutate at a faster rate than DNA genomes during replication?
Why do RNA genomes mutate at a faster rate than DNA genomes during replication?
Which component of the influenza virus acts as an antigen and is a target for vaccines?
Which component of the influenza virus acts as an antigen and is a target for vaccines?
What is the main limitation of the H7N9 bird flu virus, according to the text?
What is the main limitation of the H7N9 bird flu virus, according to the text?
Why does influenza virus evolution often require new vaccines to be produced every season?
Why does influenza virus evolution often require new vaccines to be produced every season?
What can lead to the production of a new virus subtype with altered virulence and tropism?
What can lead to the production of a new virus subtype with altered virulence and tropism?
Why is vaccination considered the preferred method for preventing flu, according to the text?
Why is vaccination considered the preferred method for preventing flu, according to the text?
What contributes to losing protection from vaccines over time, as stated in the text?
What contributes to losing protection from vaccines over time, as stated in the text?
What is the primary role of neuraminidase (NA) in the infectious process?
What is the primary role of neuraminidase (NA) in the infectious process?
What is the rationale behind developing neuraminidase inhibitors as antiviral agents?
What is the rationale behind developing neuraminidase inhibitors as antiviral agents?
How did the discovery of the crystal structure of neuraminidase contribute to the development of antiviral agents?
How did the discovery of the crystal structure of neuraminidase contribute to the development of antiviral agents?
What was a significant challenge faced in developing analogues against resistant mutants to Amantadine?
What was a significant challenge faced in developing analogues against resistant mutants to Amantadine?
Why did Rimantadine receive approval in 1993 as an antiviral agent for influenza?
Why did Rimantadine receive approval in 1993 as an antiviral agent for influenza?
What is the distinguishing feature between Adamantanes and Neuraminidase inhibitors?
What is the distinguishing feature between Adamantanes and Neuraminidase inhibitors?
Which FDA-approved antiviral drug is recommended for early treatment of flu in children aged 5 years to less than 12 years, according to the text?
Which FDA-approved antiviral drug is recommended for early treatment of flu in children aged 5 years to less than 12 years, according to the text?
Which antiviral drug is no longer seeking regulatory approval for treating influenza, as per the text?
Which antiviral drug is no longer seeking regulatory approval for treating influenza, as per the text?
Which type of compounds is likely to be most promising in inhibiting RdRp of the influenza virus based on low cytotoxicity, high resistance barrier, and broad coverage of diverse RNA viruses?
Which type of compounds is likely to be most promising in inhibiting RdRp of the influenza virus based on low cytotoxicity, high resistance barrier, and broad coverage of diverse RNA viruses?
In the context of influenza virus evolution and drug resistance, what plays a critical role during the virus life cycle?
In the context of influenza virus evolution and drug resistance, what plays a critical role during the virus life cycle?
Which therapeutic approach is suggested in the text to combat the potential of drug resistance in influenza viruses?
Which therapeutic approach is suggested in the text to combat the potential of drug resistance in influenza viruses?
Which antibodies are mentioned in the text as potential therapeutics against human viral diseases?
Which antibodies are mentioned in the text as potential therapeutics against human viral diseases?
What is the primary function of RdRp during the early stages of infection by the influenza virus?
What is the primary function of RdRp during the early stages of infection by the influenza virus?
What is the mechanism of action of Oseltamivir as described in the text?
What is the mechanism of action of Oseltamivir as described in the text?
Which amino acids are mentioned as interacting with the COO- group of Neu5Ac in the active site?
Which amino acids are mentioned as interacting with the COO- group of Neu5Ac in the active site?
Why was Neu5Ac2en found to be inactive in vivo according to the text?
Why was Neu5Ac2en found to be inactive in vivo according to the text?
What is the role of the glycerol side chain at C-6 in the active site?
What is the role of the glycerol side chain at C-6 in the active site?
What was found to be a potential analogue at C-4 for Neu5Ac according to modeling studies?
What was found to be a potential analogue at C-4 for Neu5Ac according to modeling studies?
What does Zanamivir (Relenza) primarily use to probe for hydrogen bonds in its interactions with the active site?
What does Zanamivir (Relenza) primarily use to probe for hydrogen bonds in its interactions with the active site?
Why is Zanamivir considered selective and active in vivo according to the text?
Why is Zanamivir considered selective and active in vivo according to the text?
What led to a 1000-fold increase in activity for Zanamivir compared to Neu5Ac2en?
What led to a 1000-fold increase in activity for Zanamivir compared to Neu5Ac2en?
Why is Zanamivir approved for influenza A & B despite its poor bioavailability?
Why is Zanamivir approved for influenza A & B despite its poor bioavailability?
What is one reason why Neu5Ac2en could not be used therapeutically according to the text?
What is one reason why Neu5Ac2en could not be used therapeutically according to the text?
What was the first FDA approval of a drug discovered by BioCryst Pharmaceuticals?
What was the first FDA approval of a drug discovered by BioCryst Pharmaceuticals?
Which neuraminidase inhibitor is approved for sale in Japan for the treatment of influenza and also for prevention (vaccine) since 2013?
Which neuraminidase inhibitor is approved for sale in Japan for the treatment of influenza and also for prevention (vaccine) since 2013?
Which transition state inhibitor binds to both A & B forms and is known to be potent and highly selective?
Which transition state inhibitor binds to both A & B forms and is known to be potent and highly selective?
Which neuraminidase inhibitor has approval for sale in Europe from Merck KGa and Hikma, with the partner not yet announced?
Which neuraminidase inhibitor has approval for sale in Europe from Merck KGa and Hikma, with the partner not yet announced?
Which neuraminidase inhibitor is indicated for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in patients 18 years and older who have been symptomatic for no more than 2 days?
Which neuraminidase inhibitor is indicated for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in patients 18 years and older who have been symptomatic for no more than 2 days?
Which neuraminidase inhibitor is known to be just as effective as Zanamivir and Oseltamivir in in vitro tests but four orders of magnitude less active against mammalian & bacterial NAs?
Which neuraminidase inhibitor is known to be just as effective as Zanamivir and Oseltamivir in in vitro tests but four orders of magnitude less active against mammalian & bacterial NAs?
Which drug was developed to take advantage of both hydrophobic pockets and has the same relative stereochemistry as the 5-ring tetrahydrofuran (I)?
Which drug was developed to take advantage of both hydrophobic pockets and has the same relative stereochemistry as the 5-ring tetrahydrofuran (I)?
Which drug has been identified as the most active structure among five-membered carbocycles and is suggested to have increased activity upon adding butyl to its structure?
Which drug has been identified as the most active structure among five-membered carbocycles and is suggested to have increased activity upon adding butyl to its structure?
Which neuraminidase inhibitor had issues with bioavailability leading to an IV version being on the market despite confirmation of oral bioavailability?
Which neuraminidase inhibitor had issues with bioavailability leading to an IV version being on the market despite confirmation of oral bioavailability?
Which neuraminidase inhibitor achieved similar activity to Neu5Ac2en through different positioning of its ring in the active site?
Which neuraminidase inhibitor achieved similar activity to Neu5Ac2en through different positioning of its ring in the active site?
Which of the following is NOT a limitation of current anti-viral therapeutic agents against influenza?
Which of the following is NOT a limitation of current anti-viral therapeutic agents against influenza?
Which of the following statements about neuraminidase inhibitors is FALSE?
Which of the following statements about neuraminidase inhibitors is FALSE?
What is the primary role of the influenza virus's hemagglutinin protein?
What is the primary role of the influenza virus's hemagglutinin protein?
Which of the following is NOT a treatment or prevention strategy for influenza?
Which of the following is NOT a treatment or prevention strategy for influenza?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the neuraminidase protein of the influenza virus?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the neuraminidase protein of the influenza virus?
Which type of influenza virus poses the greatest concern as a human pathogen?
Which type of influenza virus poses the greatest concern as a human pathogen?
What is the main function of neuraminidase in the influenza virus's life cycle?
What is the main function of neuraminidase in the influenza virus's life cycle?
Which type of influenza virus can bind to both alpha-2-3 and alpha-2-6 sialic acid receptors?
Which type of influenza virus can bind to both alpha-2-3 and alpha-2-6 sialic acid receptors?
What is the genetic material of the influenza virus?
What is the genetic material of the influenza virus?
Which viral surface glycoprotein is responsible for binding the virus to the cell being infected?
Which viral surface glycoprotein is responsible for binding the virus to the cell being infected?
What is the main cause of mortality in influenza infections, especially in the elderly and those with weak immune systems?
What is the main cause of mortality in influenza infections, especially in the elderly and those with weak immune systems?
Which type of influenza virus is responsible for the H1N1 swine flu?
Which type of influenza virus is responsible for the H1N1 swine flu?
What is the primary function of haemagglutinin in the influenza virus's life cycle?
What is the primary function of haemagglutinin in the influenza virus's life cycle?
What is the main function of neuraminidase inhibitors in the treatment of influenza infections?
What is the main function of neuraminidase inhibitors in the treatment of influenza infections?
Which type of sialic acid receptor is preferentially bound by avian influenza viruses?
Which type of sialic acid receptor is preferentially bound by avian influenza viruses?
Which strain of the influenza virus was included in the 2017/18 vaccine to provide protection against a fourth B strain?
Which strain of the influenza virus was included in the 2017/18 vaccine to provide protection against a fourth B strain?
Which age group is recommended to receive the live influenza vaccine (Fluenz Tetra®) unless contra-indicated?
Which age group is recommended to receive the live influenza vaccine (Fluenz Tetra®) unless contra-indicated?
Which strain of the influenza virus was contained in the 2017/18 vaccine to protect against the A/H3N2 strain?
Which strain of the influenza virus was contained in the 2017/18 vaccine to protect against the A/H3N2 strain?
Which of the following groups was recommended to receive the seasonal influenza vaccine in the 2017/18 national influenza immunisation programme?
Which of the following groups was recommended to receive the seasonal influenza vaccine in the 2017/18 national influenza immunisation programme?
Which of the following strains of the influenza virus is particularly associated with affecting children?
Which of the following strains of the influenza virus is particularly associated with affecting children?
Which of the following statements best describes the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in the development of influenza vaccines?
Which of the following statements best describes the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in the development of influenza vaccines?
Which of the following statements best describes the production process of the influenza vaccine?
Which of the following statements best describes the production process of the influenza vaccine?
Which of the following viruses has been reported to cause human infections in China in 2021?
Which of the following viruses has been reported to cause human infections in China in 2021?
Which of the following regions has reported the largest outbreak of avian influenza in 2021?
Which of the following regions has reported the largest outbreak of avian influenza in 2021?
Which of the following statements best describes the role of children in the spread of influenza virus?
Which of the following statements best describes the role of children in the spread of influenza virus?
Which of the following modifications resulted in a significant increase in activity for 6-carboxamides?
Which of the following modifications resulted in a significant increase in activity for 6-carboxamides?
Which structural modification of the 6-carboxamides led to the development of carbocyclics?
Which structural modification of the 6-carboxamides led to the development of carbocyclics?
Which modification of Structure II resulted in a significant increase in potency?
Which modification of Structure II resulted in a significant increase in potency?
Which alkyl ether was found to have the highest activity among the linear chain alkyl ethers?
Which alkyl ether was found to have the highest activity among the linear chain alkyl ethers?
Which modification of the glycerol side chain led to an increase in binding interactions?
Which modification of the glycerol side chain led to an increase in binding interactions?
Which structural modification of carbocyclics was found to be the most potent?
Which structural modification of carbocyclics was found to be the most potent?
Which modification of the carboxyl group in the carbocyclics resulted in the most potent structure?
Which modification of the carboxyl group in the carbocyclics resulted in the most potent structure?
Which modification of the glycerol side chain in the carbocyclics resulted in a decrease in polarity?
Which modification of the glycerol side chain in the carbocyclics resulted in a decrease in polarity?
Which modification of the carboxyl group in the carbocyclics resulted in a decrease in polarity?
Which modification of the carboxyl group in the carbocyclics resulted in a decrease in polarity?
Which modification of the glycerol side chain in the carbocyclics resulted in an increase in binding interactions?
Which modification of the glycerol side chain in the carbocyclics resulted in an increase in binding interactions?
Flashcards are hidden until you start studying
