Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of drug delivery system involves drug conjugation to natural or synthetic water-soluble polymers or biological systems such as antibodies?
Which type of drug delivery system involves drug conjugation to natural or synthetic water-soluble polymers or biological systems such as antibodies?
What is a significant barrier to effective drug targeting due to its function in removing foreign materials like bacteria from circulation?
What is a significant barrier to effective drug targeting due to its function in removing foreign materials like bacteria from circulation?
What is the main function of the Mononuclear Phagocytic System in the context of drug delivery?
What is the main function of the Mononuclear Phagocytic System in the context of drug delivery?
Which factor influences opsonisation and clearance by macrophages through non-covalent interactions with drugs or carriers?
Which factor influences opsonisation and clearance by macrophages through non-covalent interactions with drugs or carriers?
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What role does opsonisation play in drug delivery systems?
What role does opsonisation play in drug delivery systems?
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How does adding a hydrophilic polymer coat to a carrier system impact opsonisation in drug delivery?
How does adding a hydrophilic polymer coat to a carrier system impact opsonisation in drug delivery?
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What is a key requirement for an effective drug-targeting system?
What is a key requirement for an effective drug-targeting system?
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What is the primary goal of drug targeting?
What is the primary goal of drug targeting?
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Which of the following is NOT a benefit of drug targeting?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of drug targeting?
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Which of the following is the most difficult to achieve in drug targeting?
Which of the following is the most difficult to achieve in drug targeting?
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What is the purpose of controlling drug distribution in drug targeting?
What is the purpose of controlling drug distribution in drug targeting?
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Which of the following is a common challenge in drug targeting?
Which of the following is a common challenge in drug targeting?
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What is a characteristic of continuous endothelium in terms of movement of macromolecules?
What is a characteristic of continuous endothelium in terms of movement of macromolecules?
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Which type of tissue/organs have fenestrated endothelium?
Which type of tissue/organs have fenestrated endothelium?
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What is a key feature of passive targeting through local physiological conditions?
What is a key feature of passive targeting through local physiological conditions?
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Which phenomenon leads to changes in tumour endothelial barrier during passive targeting?
Which phenomenon leads to changes in tumour endothelial barrier during passive targeting?
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What is the main driving force behind active targeting?
What is the main driving force behind active targeting?
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In nanotechnology, what dimensions typically enable novel applications not feasible with bulk materials?
In nanotechnology, what dimensions typically enable novel applications not feasible with bulk materials?
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What role does nano-engineering have to play in a pharmaceutical to be considered a nanopharmaceutical?
What role does nano-engineering have to play in a pharmaceutical to be considered a nanopharmaceutical?
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Which of the following is true about PEGylated liposomes used in cancer therapy?
Which of the following is true about PEGylated liposomes used in cancer therapy?
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Which type of nanomaterial is most often used as a drug entity in FDA-approved nanopharmaceuticals?
Which type of nanomaterial is most often used as a drug entity in FDA-approved nanopharmaceuticals?
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Which class of nanopharmaceuticals is least likely to be approved for therapeutic use due to its immunogenic properties?
Which class of nanopharmaceuticals is least likely to be approved for therapeutic use due to its immunogenic properties?
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Which type of antibody is produced from a single B cell hybridoma cell line using hybridoma technology?
Which type of antibody is produced from a single B cell hybridoma cell line using hybridoma technology?
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Which type of antibody targets cells expressing human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) protein in persistent aggressive metastatic cancers?
Which type of antibody targets cells expressing human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) protein in persistent aggressive metastatic cancers?
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Which type of nanopharmaceutical is least likely to be used as a drug entity due to its lack of therapeutic activity?
Which type of nanopharmaceutical is least likely to be used as a drug entity due to its lack of therapeutic activity?
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Which type of nanopharmaceutical is most likely to be used for passive immunization against infectious disease and other harmful agents?
Which type of nanopharmaceutical is most likely to be used for passive immunization against infectious disease and other harmful agents?
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Which type of antibody is most abundant in humans and most currently approved drugs are based on it?
Which type of antibody is most abundant in humans and most currently approved drugs are based on it?
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Which type of nanopharmaceutical is most likely to be used for targeted drug delivery to specific cells or tissues?
Which type of nanopharmaceutical is most likely to be used for targeted drug delivery to specific cells or tissues?
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Which type of nanopharmaceutical is least likely to be approved for therapeutic use due to its potential for toxicity?
Which type of nanopharmaceutical is least likely to be approved for therapeutic use due to its potential for toxicity?
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Which type of nanopharmaceutical is most likely to be used for sustained release of drugs over a prolonged period of time?
Which type of nanopharmaceutical is most likely to be used for sustained release of drugs over a prolonged period of time?
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Study Notes
Drug Targeting
- Ideal drug targeting system: ensures drugs reach intracellular target sites, non-toxic, and therapeutically acceptable
- Requirements for effective drug-targeting system:
- Non-specific interactions with target tissues/organs
- Ability to deliver drug to specific target site
- Retention of drug during transit to target site
- Release of drug from delivery system once at target site
- Retention of drug over suitable period at target site once delivered
Delivery Systems for Targeting
- Two main types:
- Chemically modified drug (Prodrug)
- Carrier system:
- Soluble carrier systems: drug conjugated to natural or synthetic water-soluble polymer or biological system (e.g., antibodies)
- Particulate carrier system: drug either surface-bound or entrapped within carrier (e.g., liposome, microspheres, nanoparticles)
Barriers to Drug Delivery
- Mononuclear Phagocytic System (MPS):
- Removes foreign material from the body (e.g., bacteria, proteins)
- Involved in antigen processing and presentation (immune response)
- Particles in circulation can be quickly cleared by liver and spleen macrophages, making it a significant barrier to effective drug targeting
- Opsonisation: process where the surface of a particle or pathogen is marked/coated by molecules (opsonins) for easier recognition and destruction by phagocytes
- Phagocytosis: process by which phagocytes engulf and digest marked particles
Factors Influencing Opsonisation and Clearance
- Particle size: particles below 100nm are more difficult to target for elimination, while maximal phagocytosis occurs on particles around 1-2µm
- Surface charge: neutral systems tend to remain longer in circulation compared to charged particles
- Surface hydrophilicity: adding a hydrophilic polymer coat to a carrier system reduces protein adsorption and opsonisation
Advanced Drug Delivery and Targeting
- Nanopharmaceuticals: pharmaceuticals engineered on the nanoscale, where the nanomaterial plays a pivotal therapeutic role or adds additional functionality
- Types of nanopharmaceuticals:
- Liposomes
- Lipid-based (non-liposomal)
- PEGylated macromolecules
- Nanocrystals
- Polymer-based nanoformulations
- Protein-Drug conjugates
- Metal-based nanoformulations
- Virosomes
- Antibodies as drug delivery systems
Antibodies as Drug Delivery Systems
- Antibody: large, Y-shaped protein produced by B cells to recognize and neutralize foreign material
- Antibodies can be used as drugs on their own or as targeting groups attached to a drug or carrier system
- Types of antibodies:
- Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
- Polyclonal antibodies (pAbs)
- Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)
- Chimeric antibodies
- Humanised antibodies
- Complete human mAbs
- Examples of antibody-based drugs:
- Herceptin (trastuzumab): targets cells expressing human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) protein
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on advanced drug delivery, drug targeting, nanopharmaceuticals, and antibody therapy with this quiz. Learn about controlling drug distribution in the body for better therapeutic outcomes.
