Adult Final Review on Cardiovascular Changes
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Questions and Answers

Which change in lung function is associated with aging?

  • Flattening of the diaphragm (correct)
  • Increased flexibility of the thorax
  • Thickening of lung tissue
  • Improved gas exchange efficiency

What does functional performance threshold define?

  • The maximum strength an individual can exert in a single lift
  • The minimum level of ability to perform ADLs for independent living (correct)
  • The upper limit of physical capacity for any adult
  • The average capacity of older adults to perform physical tasks

What can cause an individual to fall below their functional performance threshold?

  • Age-related structural changes and health conditions (correct)
  • Improved mobility and strength
  • Enhanced sensory function
  • Increased physical activity levels

Which of the following describes functional capacity?

<p>The maximum ability to perform daily activities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of change occurs in the cardiovascular system with aging?

<p>Decreased elasticity in blood vessels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people aged 85 and above are affected by age-related vision problems?

<p>30% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a lower functional capacity indicate for an older adult?

<p>An inability to meet minimum self-care criteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is low vision defined?

<p>Significant visual loss uncorrectable by medical means (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential effect of an inability to perform self-care tasks?

<p>Increased loneliness and social isolation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leisure activity is considered passive?

<p>Reading (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of well-being is most directly associated with leisure activities?

<p>Enhanced psychological well-being (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the community recommendations for older adults' transportation?

<p>To create senior-friendly transportation programs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'flow' in leisure refer to?

<p>A state of complete absorption and enjoyment in an activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of leisure activity?

<p>Commuting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did older adults adapt their daily activities during the confinement period, according to the study?

<p>They adapted their activities despite some disruptions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change in taste and smell typically begins to be noticeable around the ages of 65 to 70?

<p>Decline in the number of odor receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the value of leisure?

<p>It contributes to a sense of purpose and identity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the framework of 'doing, being, becoming, and belonging' focus on during confinement?

<p>The emotional and social experiences of older adults (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is often compromised by health issues in older adults?

<p>Identity and socialization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by severe loss of bone mass and is often associated with aging?

<p>Osteoporosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant theme identified regarding the sense of belonging during the pandemic?

<p>Social isolation due to restrictions on physical interactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement relates to the concept of personal care?

<p>It can enhance one’s self-esteem and perception of life situations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What priority did the study assign to the needs of older adults regarding transportation?

<p>Prioritizing the preferences and needs of older adults (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of decreased muscle strength and power in older adults?

<p>Changes in postural alignment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model does NOT relate to understanding performance for self-care activities?

<p>TPR (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What coping mechanism did some older adults develop during the pandemic according to the findings?

<p>Learning new skills or interests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What implication of effective transportation transitions is emphasized for older clients?

<p>Maintaining independence and reducing social isolation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT typically considered when assessing everyday competence?

<p>Educational background (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a challenge older adults faced during the confinement period?

<p>Feelings of boredom due to routine disruptions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary age when bone mass typically peaks?

<p>30 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does decreased proprioception affect older adults?

<p>Worsened balance and coordination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about self-care is correct?

<p>Self-care encompasses a wide range of duties from personal to community involvement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is identified as a crucial factor in building resilience in older adults?

<p>Physical activity maintenance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway for resilience involves returning to baseline functioning after a setback?

<p>Recovery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do older adults typically cope with challenges according to the content provided?

<p>By reframing their perspective (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do meaningful activities have in the context of resilience for older adults?

<p>They significantly contribute to a sense of purpose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as a major strategy for promoting resilience in older adults?

<p>Strengthening community ties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the implications for promoting resilience in older adults?

<p>Empower individuals by addressing emotional and social needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does public transportation have on community engagement for older adults?

<p>It enhances participation in daily activities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of sustainability refer to in terms of resilience?

<p>Maintaining well-being amid challenges (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is transportation considered vital for older adults?

<p>It is essential for maintaining independence and accessing basic needs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the challenges faced by older adults in transportation transitions?

<p>Lack of support from community resources. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can occupational therapists assist older adults during transportation transitions?

<p>By educating clients about alternative transportation options. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotional challenges might older adults face when transitioning away from driving?

<p>Feelings of isolation and diminished self-worth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What proactive measures do the authors suggest for future-proofing transportation needs for older adults?

<p>Advocating for investments in age-friendly transportation systems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of skills might occupational therapists teach older adults regarding new transportation methods?

<p>How to effectively use public transit and ride-sharing apps. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is NOT mentioned as a reason for older adults to feel frustrated during transportation changes?

<p>Increased social activities available. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to have early discussions about alternatives to driving?

<p>To ensure that older adults have options when they can no longer drive safely. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Functional Performance Threshold

The ability to perform ADLs to meet the minimum criterion compatible with personal care and independent living; the upper limit of sustained performance in a specific activity.

Functional Capacity

Refers to an individual's maximum ability to perform daily activities.

Low Vision

A serious visual loss that cannot be corrected by treatment or glasses.

Age-Related Lung Changes

The diaphragm flattens, the thorax becomes less flexible, and gas exchange becomes less efficient.

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Age-Related Heart Changes

The heart has irregularities in conduction, becomes less efficient at pumping, and blood vessels lose elasticity.

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Functional Decline and Threshold

If functional capacity drops below the functional performance threshold, an individual may struggle with self-care and independent living.

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Loss of Capacity Reserves

Older adults lose capacity reserves, meaning their bodies have less 'spare' ability to cope with stress and exertion.

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Factors Affecting Functional Capacity

Age-related changes, restricted mobility, or health conditions can lead to lower reserves and functional capacity.

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Social Support

Strong social connections, like family, friends, and community involvement, provide emotional and practical support that helps people cope with stress.

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Physical and Mental Health

Maintaining physical activity, managing health conditions, and taking care of mental health are crucial for building resilience.

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Meaningful Engagement

Engaging in activities that give you a sense of purpose and belonging contributes significantly to your ability to bounce back from difficulties.

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Psychological and Social Adaptation

Older adults often adapt to challenges by focusing on what they can do, rather than what they have lost, leading to better emotional regulation and a sense of hope.

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Recovery

The process of regaining your usual abilities after a setback.

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Sustainability

The ability to maintain well-being by adapting to ongoing challenges.

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Promoting Resilience in Aging

Approaches that focus on strengthening personal resources, building supportive relationships, and creating opportunities for meaningful engagement are essential for promoting resilience.

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Importance of Public Transportation

Public transportation plays a vital role in enabling community engagement, particularly for individuals with disabilities, older adults, and those without personal vehicles.

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Leisure

Activities that are chosen freely and provide enjoyment, relaxation, and a sense of fulfillment.

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Flow

A state of complete absorption in an activity, characterized by a feeling of control, focus, and enjoyment.

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Serious Leisure

Activities pursued with a high level of commitment, dedication, and skill development.

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Reciprocity in Leisure

The feeling of being connected to a community or group through shared leisure activities.

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Agency

The feeling of being capable and in control of one's life, often linked to self-esteem and satisfaction.

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Leisure's Contribution to Quality of Life

Activities that contribute to a sense of purpose and meaning in life, often linked to personal growth, connection, and well-being.

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Healthy Aging and Social Connection

The ability to participate in desired activities and maintain a sense of independence, often linked to good health and social support.

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Senior-friendly transportation programs

Transportation programs designed to cater to the specific needs and limitations of older adults.

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Community Collaboration for Transportation

Collaboration between health organizations and community groups to offer readily available and reliable mobility options for older adults.

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Policy Advocacy for Inclusive Transportation

Advocating for policies that ensure transportation systems are inclusive and supportive of the needs of older adults.

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Person-centered approach to transportation transitions

An approach that focuses on understanding and addressing the individual needs, preferences, and circumstances of older adults in the context of their transportation needs.

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Doing: Adapting to Confinement

The ability to adapt to changes in daily activities and routines caused by confinement, including modifying hobbies and finding new ways to stay engaged.

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Being: Re-evaluating Identity

Reflecting on personal values, priorities, and roles in the face of confinement, leading to both challenges and opportunities for self-discovery.

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Becoming: Resilience and Adaptability

The ability to develop new skills, interests, or strategies to cope with the challenges and uncertainties of the pandemic.

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Belonging: Social Isolation

The challenges of social isolation and limited physical interactions with family, friends, and community due to the pandemic.

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Age-related changes in taste and smell

A gradual decline in taste and smell sensitivity, becoming noticeable after the age of 65-70. This decline is due to factors like reduced saliva production, fewer taste buds, and fewer odor receptors.

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Self-care

The process of maintaining one's health and well-being through self-directed actions and activities, encompassing personal care, daily routines, and managing personal affairs.

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Everyday competence

A person's ability to perform daily activities considered essential for living independently. It encompasses a broad range of activities.

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EHP (Ecological, Human, Performance) Model

A model for understanding performance in self-care that considers a person's environment, their personal factors, and the activities they engage in. It helps to identify how these factors interact and influence a person's ability to participate in daily life.

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ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health)

A model for understanding performance in self-care that emphasizes functional health and disability. It considers the individual's body functions and structures, activities, and participation in society.

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PEOP (Person-Environment-Occupation-Performance) Model

A model for understanding performance in self-care that focuses on the person and their environment and how they interact. It emphasizes a person's values, goals, and needs in the context of their environment.

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Neuromusculoskeletal changes in aging

Changes in the musculoskeletal system as a result of aging, including decreased muscle strength, loss of muscle mass, changes in posture, and alterations in bone and cartilage.

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Transportation's role in independence

The ability to travel safely and efficiently is crucial for older adults to maintain their independence, access healthcare, participate in social activities, and meet daily needs.

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Osteoporosis

A significant loss of bone mass that weakens bones and increases the risk of fractures. This is a common age-related change.

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Challenges of transportation transitions: Physical and cognitive decline

Health changes, such as physical limitations or cognitive decline, can make it difficult for older adults to drive or use public transportation.

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Challenges of transportation transitions: Limited alternative options

Many older adults live in areas with limited or inadequate public transportation options, such as buses, trains, or ride services.

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Challenges of transportation transitions: Emotional impact

Losing the ability to drive can be emotionally challenging for older adults, leading to feelings of isolation, frustration, and reduced self-esteem.

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Role of occupational therapy in transportation transitions

Occupational therapists play a key role in assessing and supporting older adults in navigating transportation changes.

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Driving assessments and counseling

Occupational therapists can assess if it is safe for an individual to continue driving and provide guidance on alternative transportation options.

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Skill training for transportation

Occupational therapists can teach older adults how to use public transportation, ride-sharing apps, or other community resources to maintain independence and mobility.

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Future-proofing transportation needs

Proactive planning for transportation needs is encouraged, including discussing alternative transportation options early, advocating for accessible and age-friendly transportation systems, and promoting community-level investments in transportation infrastructure.

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Study Notes

Adult Final Review

  • Cardiovascular Changes:

    • Lung tissue changes include a flattening diaphragm, less flexible thorax, and decreased gas exchange efficiency.
    • Heart changes include irregular conduction, less efficient pumping, reduced elasticity in blood vessels, and decreased venous system contractile ability.

  • Functional Performance Threshold:

    • Definition: The ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) to maintain personal care and independent living. It's the upper limit of sustained performance in a specific activity.
    • Functional Capacity: An individual's maximum ability to perform daily activities. Older adults lose capacity reserves.
    • Threshold: If physical decline results in functional capacity below the threshold, meeting minimum criteria for self-care and independent living is impossible. This can be due to age-related changes, restricted mobility, or debilitating health conditions.
    • Example functional capacity: Maximum weight lift in a single lift.
    • Example functional performance threshold: Maximum weight a person can consistently lift for a sustained period during work.

Sensory Function

  • Low Vision:

    • Definition: A significant visual loss that's uncorrectable by medical treatment or corrective lenses.
    • Affects 18% of the older population, and 30% of those over 85 experience age-related vision problems.
    • Age-related changes include support structure changes.

  • Additional Findings:

    • Loss of subcutaneous fat leads to reduced tone and elasticity in the body.
    • Dry eyes, poor coordination, and difficulty focusing are potential issues.
    • The cornea flattens, and the lens thickens, increasing density and rigidity, which impairs far and color vision.
    • Other visual pathway issues, such as cataracts, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and glaucoma, result in decreased visual acuity, blurry vision, and altered color perception.
    • Specific risk factors for AMD include being Caucasian and smoking.

  • Hearing Loss:

    • Hearing loss is from damage to the blood vessels of the retina.
    • Common types of hearing loss, including conductive, sensorineural, tinnitus, and presbycusis.

Other

  • Taste and Smell Loss: Declines noticeably in individuals aged 65-70 due to reduced salivary secretion, fewer taste buds, and fewer odor receptors.
  • Neuromusculoskeletal Function: Age-related decline involves decreased muscle strength and power, loss of muscle mass, and a reduced number of functional motor units.
  • Bone Changes: Bone and cartilage changes, along with balance and gait difficulties. There's decreased max speed in movement, increased threshold for vibration sensation, and proprioception decline. Calcium loss is a primary concern affecting bone density. Bone mass typically peaks around age 30 and gradually declines after that. Common bone diseases include Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis.
  • Active Aging:
    • Definition: Duties and tasks, personal care, business, and self-care (IADL).
    • Conceptual Models include EHP, ICF, PEOP & PEO.
    • Activities depend on everyday competence, values, and personal meaning, influencing occupational performance.
    • Client factors, tasks, and contexts all play a critical role in competence.
  • Leisure:
    • Definition: Discretionary time not obligated to work, self-care, or instrumental activity. Examples include hobbies, interests travel, and educational pursuits
    • Types include active (e.g., walking, dancing) and passive (e.g., reading, watching movies).

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Description

This quiz covers essential cardiovascular changes in adults, including lung and heart adaptations. Additionally, it discusses functional performance thresholds and the impact of aging on daily activities. Test your understanding of how these factors influence independent living.

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