Adrenal Glands and Hormones Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is primarily secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

  • Cortisol
  • Aldosterone (correct)
  • Dopamine
  • Corticosterone

    • Which component of the adrenal glands is responsible for releasing catecholamines?

  • Zona reticularis
  • Cortex
  • Zona fasciculata
  • Medulla (correct)

    • What is the main function of glucocorticoids?

  • Stimulate mineral absorption
  • Secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline
  • Maintain electrolyte balance
  • Influence carbohydrate and protein metabolism (correct)

    • Which steroid hormone is synthesized from pregnenolone?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is NOT classified as a mineralocorticoid?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What regulates the biosynthesis of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids?

    <p>Hypothalamic-pituitary independent mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a glucocorticoid secreted by the zona fasciculata?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adrenal hormone is primarily involved in stress response?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What changes occur in the musculoskeletal system due to glucocorticoid actions?

    <p>Decreased osteoblast activity and increased osteoclast activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Addison's disease regarding hormone production?

    <p>Insufficient production of cortisol and aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT typically treated with glucocorticoids?

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do glucocorticoids affect sodium and potassium in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Increase Na+ reabsorption and promote K+ excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of elevated glucocorticoids in the skin?

    <p>Decreased proliferation of keratinocytes and fibroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following scenarios would glucocorticoids be administered intravenously?

    <p>Management of acute adrenal insufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formulation of glucocorticoids is preferred for treating conditions in areas with thinner skin?

    <p>Low-potency drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases with autoimmune components is a common indication for glucocorticoid therapy?

    <p>Lupus erythematosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the synthesis of mineralocorticoids?

    <p>Angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is primarily induced by glucocorticoids related to carbohydrates?

    <p>Increased gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of glucocorticoids on protein metabolism?

    <p>Increased protein catabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one physiological effect of glucocorticoids on inflammation and immunity?

    <p>Decreased inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cortisol exert its actions in the body?

    <p>Binding to intercellular receptors and modifying gene transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of excessive glucocorticoid levels?

    <p>Abnormal fat distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis play in glucocorticoid synthesis?

    <p>Stimulates the adrenal cortex through ACTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of glucocorticoids on lipid metabolism?

    <p>Lipolytic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glucocorticoid is specifically noted for promoting fetal lung maturation in premature newborns?

    <p>Betamethasone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the effects of glucocorticoids on the immune system?

    <p>Inhibit activity of T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the treatment of hypercalcemia, glucocorticoids help normalize calcium levels by which mechanism?

    <p>Decreasing production of active vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prolonged use of supraphysiologic doses of glucocorticoids can lead to which syndrome?

    <p>Cushing syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common dermatological adverse effect associated with glucocorticoid therapy?

    <p>Steroid acne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to adrenal cortex function after discontinuing glucocorticoid therapy?

    <p>It may take months to return to normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What metabolic alteration can occur with the use of glucocorticoids?

    <p>Glucose intolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the consequences of glucocorticoids stimulating gastric acid production?

    <p>Exacerbation of peptic ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Glucocorticoids

    • Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex.
    • They influence carbohydrate and protein metabolism and regulate defense mechanisms.
    • Their synthesis is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, specifically by ACTH from the anterior pituitary.
    • Cortisol, a major glucocorticoid, is released in a circadian rhythm, with peak levels in the morning.
    • Glucocorticoids play a role in regulating water and electrolyte balance via mineralocorticoid receptors.

    Adrenal Glands

    • Adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys.
    • They are composed of two parts: medulla and cortex.
    • The medulla (inner part) produces catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine).
    • The cortex (outer part) secretes steroid hormones, including glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.

    Types of Cortical Steroids

    • Mineralocorticoids: Regulate water and electrolyte balance. Aldosterone is a key example.
    • Glucocorticoids: Influence carbohydrate metabolism. Cortisol is a primary example.
    • Gonadocorticoids: Influence reproductive function.

    Mechanism of Action

    • Glucocorticoids interact with intracellular receptors.
    • The receptor-steroid complex affects DNA and gene transcription.
    • This leads to the altered production of proteins.

    Metabolic Actions

    • Influence carbohydrate metabolism: Increased gluconeogenesis and decreased glucose uptake, leading to hyperglycemia.
    • Increased glycogen storage
    • Effect on proteins: Increased protein catabolism (tissue wasting).
    • Effect on lipids: Increased lipolysis.

    Regulatory Actions

    • Immune function: Decreased inflammatory response and immune cell activity.
    • Effect on lymphoid tissues: Decreased clonal expansion of T and B cells.
    • Bone density: Decreased osteoblast activity and increased osteoclast activity, leading to osteoporosis.
    • Cardiovascular effects: Increase blood pressure.
    • Psychological effect: Mood alterations.
    • Other: Affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by negative feedback, and influence the anterior pituitary to reduce the release of endogenous glucocorticoids.

    Clinical Uses

    • Replacement therapy: For Addison's Disease (adrenal insufficiency), chronic adrenal insufficiency.
    • Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant therapy: Asthma, inflammatory skin conditions, allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection, and some cancers.

    Adverse Effects

    • Cushing Syndrome: Characteristic features include "moon face," buffalo hump, central obesity, skin thinning, and muscle wasting.
    • Atrophy of the Adrenal Cortex: Prolonged use can cause atrophy of the adrenal cortex, and reduced natural production of cortisol.
    • Other: Hyperglycemia, hypertension, alterations in mood, peptic ulcers, growth retardation in children, osteoporosis.

    Contraindications

    • Patients with severe conditions such as psychosis, peptic ulcers, heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, and certain infections.

    Types of Glucocorticoid Drugs

    • Different drugs have varying durations of action, mineralocorticoid potency, and anti-inflammatory potency.

    • Hydrocortisone, Cortisone, Deflazacort, Prednisolone, Prednisone, Methylprednisolone, Triamcinolone, Dexamethasone, Betamethasone are all examples of glucocorticoid drugs.

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    Lesson 32 - Glucocorticoids PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the adrenal glands and the hormones they produce. This quiz covers topics like glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and the physiological effects of these hormones on the body. Challenge yourself with questions about hormone functions and related conditions.

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