Adrenal Gland Hormones and Secretions pharma 2
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Questions and Answers

Which part of the adrenal gland secretes epinephrine?

  • Medulla (correct)
  • Adrenal Cortex
  • Outer layer of adrenal cortex
  • Inner layer of adrenal cortex

    • What type of hormones does the outer layer of adrenal cortex produce?

  • Epinephrine
  • Mineralocorticoids (correct)
  • Adrenal androgens
  • Glucocorticoids

    • Which layer of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids?

  • Medulla
  • Middle layer (correct)
  • Inner layer
  • Outer layer

    • What are the hormones secreted by the inner layer of the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Adrenal androgens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary control for the secretion of hormones by the adrenal cortex zones?

    <p>Pituitary ACTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what capacity do glucocorticoids serve as feedback inhibitors?

    <p>Suppressing ACTH and CRH secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which purpose are hormones of the adrenal cortex used?

    <p>Replacement therapy, inflammatory diseases, allergic reactions, and some cancers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT treated using hormones of the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Chronic bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the mineralocorticoid receptors mainly confined to?

    <p>The excretory organs such as kidney, colon, and salivary glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distribution of the glucocorticoid receptor throughout the body?

    <p>Widely distributed throughout the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spectrum of activity comparison between glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid?

    <p>Glucocorticoid has a wider spectrum of activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the adrenocorticoids bind to specific receptors in target tissues?

    <p>Intracellular cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal glucocorticoid?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does glucocorticoid production typically peak during the day?

    <p>Early morning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does cortisol have on glucose synthesis?

    <p>It stimulates glucose synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does stress influence glucocorticoid secretion?

    <p>It increases secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do glucocorticoids affect blood cell levels in plasma?

    <p>They cause a decrease in eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes, but an increase in lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of glucocorticoids on resistance to stress?

    <p>They raise plasma glucose levels to provide the body with the energy it requires to combat stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do glucocorticoids affect blood pressure?

    <p>They cause a modest rise in blood pressure by enhancing the vasoconstrictor action of adrenergic stimuli on small vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of glucocorticoids on blood levels of platelets and neutrophils?

    <p>They increase the blood levels of platelets and neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do glucocorticoids have anti-inflammatory action?

    <p>By reducing the inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism behind the anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids?

    <p>The lowering and inhibition of peripheral lymphocytes and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does glucocorticoids play in suppressing immunity?

    <p>Indirectly inhibiting phospholipase A 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of glucocorticoids on histamine release?

    <p>Decreased histamine release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do high doses of glucocorticoids affect gastric acid and pepsin production?

    <p>Stimulate production and may exacerbate ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact do glucocorticoids have on mental status?

    <p>Cause confusion and alteration in mental status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of chronic glucocorticoid therapy on bone health?

    <p>Causes severe bone loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do glucocorticoids affect the production of ACTH and TSH?

    <p>Inhibit ACTH and TSH production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids?

    <p>Regulating blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aldosterone affect the reabsorption of potassium in the body?

    <p>It decreases the reabsorption of potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may elevated aldosterone levels cause?

    <p>Alkalosis and hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the retention of sodium and water by mineralocorticoids?

    <p>Increased blood volume and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mineralocorticoids help to control the body's water volume and concentration of electrolytes, especially sodium and potassium.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aldosterone causes a reabsorption of sodium, bicarbonate, and water in kidney tubules and collecting ducts.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elevated aldosterone levels may cause alkalosis and hypokalemia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Retention of sodium and water by mineralocorticoids leads to an increase in blood volume and blood pressure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Semisynthetic derivatives of glucocorticoids have been developed with variations in their anti-inflammatory potency, sodium retention, and duration of action. (True/False)

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elevated aldosterone levels may cause acidosis and hyperkalemia. (True/False)

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mineralocorticoids primarily help control the body's water volume and concentration of electrolytes, particularly potassium and chloride. (True/False)

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Betamethasone long acting anti inflammatory high . (True/False)

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of administering fludrocortisone in addition to hydrocortisone?

    <p>To correct mineralocorticoid deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of elevated aldosterone levels?

    <p>Alkalosis and hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids?

    <p>Control electrolyte balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the dexamethasone suppression test?

    <p>To diagnose the cause of Cushing's syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which conditions does the adrenal cortex respond to corticotropin (ACTH) administration by synthesizing and releasing the adrenal corticosteroids?

    <p>Secondary or tertiary adrenocortical insufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of chronic glucocorticoid therapy on bone health?

    <p>Increased risk of osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic use of glucocorticoids in relieving symptoms?

    <p>Alleviating inflammatory conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids?

    <p>Controlling blood volume and electrolyte concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of administering corticosteroids for replacement therapy in congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

    <p>To normalize hormone levels by suppressing release of CRH and ACTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do mineralocorticoids affect the reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys?

    <p>They cause reabsorption of sodium, bicarbonate, and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic use of beclomethasone and triamcinolone?

    <p>Treatment of allergies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is beclomethasone typically administered for the acceleration of lung maturation?

    <p>Intramuscularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What problem is respiratory distress syndrome typically associated with?

    <p>Premature infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic purpose of administering adrenal corticosteroids to premature infants before delivery?

    <p>Lung maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glucocorticoid is considered a prodrug and has no effect on the fetus in pregnancy?

    <p>Prednisone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does suppression of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis typically occur with large doses of glucocorticoids?

    <p>After 2 weeks of treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition may be associated with the retention of sodium and water by mineralocorticoids?

    <p>Cushing's syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids in the body?

    <p>Controlling water balance and electrolyte concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to taper the dose of corticosteroids gradually?

    <p>To avoid acute adrenal insufficiency syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of administering corticosteroids for replacement therapy in congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

    <p>To provide the hormones that the adrenal glands are not producing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does chronic glucocorticoid therapy have on bone health?

    <p>Causes bone demineralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do mineralocorticoids primarily play in the body?

    <p>Regulate water volume and electrolyte concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common side effect of long term corticosteroid therapy?

    <p>Increased frequency of cataracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advice is usually given to patients undergoing long term corticosteroid therapy to prevent osteoporosis?

    <p>Take calcium and vitamin D supplements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does coadministration of medications that induce or inhibit the hepatic mixed function oxidases may require adjustment of the glucocorticoid dose?

    <p>They affect the metabolism of glucocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is associated with hyperglycemia resulting from long term corticosteroid therapy?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Long-term corticosteroid therapy may lead to osteoporosis due to the ability of glucocorticoids to suppress intestinal Ca 2+ absorption.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cushing-like syndrome is not an adverse effect of long-term corticosteroid therapy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased frequency of cataracts is not associated with long-term corticosteroid therapy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alternate day dosing can effectively prevent osteoporosis in patients undergoing long-term corticosteroid therapy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the pancreas produce in response to severe hyperglycemia?

    <p>Somatostatin by δ cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone, when lacking, can lead to retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular complications?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hormone produced by β cells in the pancreas?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complications are associated with severe hyperglycemia if left untreated?

    <p>Retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 4 clinical classifications of diabetes?

    <p>Type 1: insulin dependant, Type 2: NON insulin dependant, Gestational diabetes, Diabetes due to other factor (genetics or medication induced)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone does the pancreas produce in response to severe hyperglycemia?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids?

    <p>Controlling body's water volume and electrolyte concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of elevated aldosterone levels?

    <p>Alkalosis and hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 4 clinical classifications of diabetes?

    <p>Type 1, Type 2, Gestational diabetes, Diabetes caused by external factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids?

    <p>Control body's water volume and electrolyte concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of chronic glucocorticoid therapy on bone health?

    <p>May lead to osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic use of hydrocortisone for secondary or tertiary adrenocortical insufficiency?

    <p>Replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major influencing factors for type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Genetic factors, aging, obesity, and peripheral insulin resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Lack of sensitivity of target organs to insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically happens to β cell function in Type 2 diabetes?

    <p>It gradually declines as the disease progresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What often becomes necessary as Type 2 diabetes progresses?

    <p>Insulin therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type 2 diabetes is primarily influenced by genetic factors, aging, and peripheral insulin resistance.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Milder metabolic alterations in Type 2 diabetes than in Type 1 lead to ketoacidosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Type 2 diabetes, the lack of sensitivity of target organs to insulin is the major cause of the condition.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As Type 2 diabetes progresses, β cell function increases, eliminating the need for insulin therapy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of administering insulin?

    <p>Subcutaneous injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides a better index of insulin levels?

    <p>Measurement of circulating C peptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What regulates insulin secretion?

    <p>Blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the autonomic mediators that regulate insulin secretion?

    <p>Nervous system signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the process of insulin secretion from the pancreas?

    <p>Glucose uptake into the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor leads to the depolarization of the cell during insulin secretion?

    <p>Inhibition of K+ influx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased intracellular Ca++ secretion on insulin secretion?

    <p>It initiates ATP production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final event in the process of insulin secretion from the pancreas?

    <p>Insulin secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes the variations in onset and duration of action among different insulin preparations?

    <p>Differences in the amino acid sequences of the polypeptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of insulin has a faster onset and shorter duration of action due to not aggregating or forming complexes?

    <p>lispro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for glargine and detemir being considered long-acting insulins?

    <p>They have a prolonged, flat levels of the hormone following injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic differentiates insulins lispro, aspart, and glulisine from regular insulin?

    <p>Faster onset and shorter duration of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most serious and common adverse reaction to an insulin overdose?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids in the body?

    <p>Control of electrolyte balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal adverse effect associated with long-term corticosteroid therapy?

    <p>Osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of elevated aldosterone levels in the body?

    <p>Reabsorption of sodium, bicarbonate, and water in kidney tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which insulin preparation is commonly administered to mimic the prandial release of insulin?

    <p>Insulin lispro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of administering rapid acting and short acting insulin preparations?

    <p>To lower blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of insulin preparations is usually administered immediately before or following a meal?

    <p>Rapid acting and short acting insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pregnancy category of rapid acting and short acting insulin preparations?

    <p>Category B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which insulin acts more rapidly due to more rapid absorption after subcutaneous injection than regular insulin?

    <p>Insulin lispro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following insulins has a quicker onset of action compared to regular insulin?

    <p>Insulin aspart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which insulin analog shows more rapid absorption after subcutaneous injection, leading to a faster onset of action than regular insulin?

    <p>Insulin lispro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which insulin exhibits faster absorption after subcutaneous injection, leading to a more rapid onset of action than regular insulin?

    <p>Insulin aspart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin?

    <p>To provide long-acting insulin coverage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should Neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin only be given subcutaneously and never intravenously?

    <p>To ensure delayed absorption of the insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of protamine in Neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin?

    <p>To form a less soluble complex for delayed absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of Neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin's neutral pH with a positively charged polypeptide, protamine?

    <p>Delayed absorption of the insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin should only be given subcutaneously and never intravenously. (True/False)

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin has a delayed absorption due to the formation of a less soluble complex. (True/False)

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mineralocorticoids primarily help control the body's water volume and concentration of electrolytes, particularly potassium and chloride. (True/False)

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Semisynthetic derivatives of glucocorticoids have been developed with variations in their anti-inflammatory potency, sodium retention, and duration of action. (True/False)

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of insulin is useful in treating all forms of diabetes except diabetic ketoacidosis or emergency hyperglycemia?

    <p>Neutral protamine lispro insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which insulin exhibits faster absorption after subcutaneous injection, leading to a more rapid onset of action than regular insulin?

    <p>Neutral protamine lispro insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids?

    <p>To retain sodium and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of chronic glucocorticoid therapy on bone health?

    <p>Decreases bone density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes is intermediate acting insulin useful in treating?

    <p>Type 2 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is neutral protamine lispro (NPL) insulin used in combination with?

    <p>Insulin lispro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the various premixed combinations of human insulins typically composed of?

    <p>NPH insulin and regular insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is intermediate acting insulin not useful in treating diabetes?

    <p>During diabetic ketoacidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for insulin glargine to be considered a long-acting insulin?

    <p>It has a lower isoelectric point than human insulin, leading to precipitation at the injection site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the onset of action for insulin glargine compared to NPH insulin?

    <p>Slower onset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin?

    <p>Extended hypoglycemic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes insulin glargine from regular insulin?

    <p>It has a lower isoelectric point than human insulin, leading to precipitation at the injection site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of insulin detemir allows for its long-acting effect?

    <p>Presence of a fatty acid side chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does insulin detemir have long-acting properties similar to those of insulin glargine?

    <p>Enhanced association to albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the long-acting effect of insulin detemir?

    <p>Slow dissociation from albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the long-acting properties of insulin detemir from regular insulin?

    <p>Enhanced association to albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic indication for synthetic amylin analog pramlintide?

    <p>Adjunct to mealtime insulin therapy in Type 1 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of pramlintide on gastric emptying?

    <p>Delays gastric emptying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients initiating pramlintide therapy, what should be done with the dose of rapid or short acting insulin prior to meals?

    <p>Decreased by 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should pramlintide not be given to patients with a history of hypoglycemic unawareness?

    <p>It may increase the risk of hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of sulfonylureas in promoting insulin release from the pancreas?

    <p>Stimulation of insulin release by increasing ATP-sensitive K+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which sulfonylureas may cause hypoglycemia?

    <p>Stimulation of insulin release from the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do sulfonylureas have on hepatic glucose production?

    <p>Reduction in glucose production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sulfonylureas impact peripheral insulin sensitivity?

    <p>No effect on peripheral insulin sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a second generation sulfonylurea derivative with a longer duration of action?

    <p>Glyburide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of insulin secretagogues such as sulfonylureas?

    <p>Promoting insulin release from the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which insulin is considered a reasonably safe alternative to insulin therapy for diabetes in pregnancy?

    <p>Glyburide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the class of oral agents to which glipizide belongs?

    <p>Sulfonylureas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the adverse effects associated with sulfonylureas?

    <p>Weight gain and renal impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a particular problem in agents metabolized to active compounds like glyburide?

    <p>Renal impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is specifically mentioned for insulin secretagogues?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of insulin Meglitinide analogs?

    <p>Stimulation of insulin release from the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the action of Meglitinide analogs from sulfonylureas?

    <p>Faster onset and shorter duration of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary target of Meglitinide analogs in the body?

    <p>Pancreatic β cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Meglitinide analogs initiate the release of insulin?

    <p>Inhibition of ATP sensitive K+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of oral agents is associated with lower hypoglycemia compared to sulfonylureas?

    <p>Insulin Meglitinide analogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be used with caution when administering repaglinide due to its potential to enhance its effect?

    <p>CYP3A4 inhibitors such as ketoconazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drugs may decrease the effect of repaglinide?

    <p>CYP3A4 inducers like rifampin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of oral agents is associated with less weight gain compared to sulfonylureas?

    <p>Insulin Meglitinide analogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism of action for Metformin?

    <p>Inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of elevated aldosterone levels?

    <p>Acidosis and hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common adverse reaction to an insulin overdose?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids?

    <p>Controlling water volume and electrolyte concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is recommended as the first-line treatment for Type 2 diabetics?

    <p>Metformin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is Metformin contraindicated in?

    <p>Diabetic ketoacidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of long-term Metformin use?

    <p>Vitamin B12 deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition can Metformin be effective apart from Type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Polycystic ovary disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary target of thiazolidinediones or glitazones?

    <p>Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR α)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of pioglitazone on LDL cholesterol levels?

    <p>No effect on LDL cholesterol levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue shows increased insulin sensitivity due to the action of thiazolidinediones or glitazones?

    <p>Adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of thiazolidinediones or glitazones on fat redistribution?

    <p>Lead to fat redistribution from subcutaneous to visceral tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended course of action for patients who fail or have contraindications to metformin therapy?

    <p>Begin glitazones as a second line alternative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) on nursing mothers?

    <p>Inhibition of ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of relief of insulin resistance caused by TZDs in premenopausal women with polycystic ovary syndrome?

    <p>Resumption of ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do TZDs affect the efficacy of oral contraceptives in women?

    <p>Reduce plasma concentrations of estrogen containing contraceptives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of thiazolidinediones or glitazones?

    <p>Liver toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an adverse effect commonly associated with long-term corticosteroid therapy?

    <p>Increased blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of elevated aldosterone levels?

    <p>Increased risk of hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes insulin glargine from regular insulin?

    <p>Peakless profile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of α glucosidase inhibitors like Acarbose and Miglitol?

    <p>Delaying the digestion of carbohydrates in the intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids?

    <p>Controlling water volume and concentration of electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is targeted by α glucosidase inhibitors like Acarbose and Miglitol?

    <p>α glucosidase in the intestinal brush border</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of elevated aldosterone levels?

    <p>Acidosis and hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major side effects associated with Acarbose and Miglitol?

    <p>Flatulence, diarrhea, and abdominal cramping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who should not use Acarbose and Miglitol?

    <p>Patients with inflammatory bowel disease, colonic ulceration, or intestinal obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic indication for Acarbose and Miglitol?

    <p>Type 2 diabetes treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the absorption characteristics of Acarbose and Miglitol?

    <p>Acarbose is poorly absorbed, while Miglitol is very well absorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors (DPP-IV) such as Sitagliptin?

    <p>Prevent inactivation of incretin hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common adverse effect associated with Sitagliptin?

    <p>Nasopharyngitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the majority of Sitagliptin excreted from the body?

    <p>Unchanged in the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors (DPP-IV) like Sitagliptin on insulin release?

    <p>Increased insulin release in response to meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Exenatide as an incretin mimetic?

    <p>Decreases food intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of oral glucose compared to intravenous glucose in terms of insulin secretion?

    <p>Higher secretion of insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does Exenatide have on postprandial glucagon secretion?

    <p>Decreases postprandial glucagon secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the effect where oral glucose results in a higher secretion of insulin than occurs when an equal load of glucose is given intravenously?

    <p>Incretin effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exenatide is administered orally.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main adverse effects of exenatide and pramlintide include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mineralocorticoids primarily help control the body's water volume and concentration of electrolytes, particularly potassium and chloride. (True/False)

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT 2) inhibitors like Canagliflozin and Dapagliflozin?

    <p>Lowering blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT 2) in the kidney?

    <p>Reabsorbing filtered glucose in the tubular lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main impact of inhibiting Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT 2) with drugs like Canagliflozin and Dapagliflozin?

    <p>Decrease in reabsorption of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of inhibiting Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT 2) using drugs like Canagliflozin and Dapagliflozin?

    <p>Reduced glycosuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common adverse effect associated with Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT 2) inhibitors?

    <p>Urinary tract infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of inhibiting Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT 2) with drugs like Canagliflozin and Dapagliflozin?

    <p>Reduced systolic blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the retention of sodium and water by mineralocorticoids?

    <p>Increased blood volume and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of long-term Metformin use?

    <p>Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

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