23 Questions
What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids?
Controlling electrolyte balance (sodium and potassium)
Which hormones are considered mineralocorticoids?
Aldosterone and cortisol
From which part of the adrenal glands are mineralocorticoids primarily secreted?
Adrenal cortex
What is the main physiological action of glucocorticoids?
Increase in blood glucose concentration
Which embryologic origin influences the mechanisms that control glucocorticoid production?
Mesoderm
What are the two exceptional steroids produced by the adrenal cortex?
Glucocorticoids and aldosterone
Which arteries supply blood to the adrenal glands?
Superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal arteries
What is the role of mineralocorticoids?
Controlling electrolytes (Na – K)
Which embryologic origin influences the mechanisms that control hormone production in the adrenal glands?
Mesoderm
What is the primary function of glucocorticoids?
Regulating blood glucose concentration
Which arteries supply blood to the adrenal glands?
Superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal arteries
What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids in the adrenal cortex?
Control electrolytes (Na - K)
Which enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of cortisol in the adrenal cortex?
CYP17A1
What is the acute regulatory mechanism for the production of cathecolamines?
Sympathetic nervous system activation
Which mineralocorticoid receptor is primarily located in the cytoplasm and translocates into the nucleus upon activation?
Mineralocorticoid receptor type 1 (MR1)
Which hormones are regulated by independent mechanisms in the adrenal cortex?
Aldosterone and glucocorticoids
What is the main difference between acute and chronic stimulation in steroidogenesis?
Acute regulation involves rapid production in response to immediate needs, while chronic stimulation enhances synthetic capacity over time.
Which pituitary hormone is primarily involved in regulating glucocorticoid synthesis in the adrenal cortex?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Where is the initial step of steroid hormone synthesis located in adrenal cortex cells?
In the mitochondria
What is the role of the STeroid Acute Regulatory (STAR) protein in steroid hormone synthesis?
Catalyzing the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone
Which enzyme system catalyzes the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone or 17α-OHpregnenolone?
3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
What is the primary difference between Zona glomerulosa and Zona fasciculata in terms of enzyme activity?
Zona glomerulosa has aldosterone synthase activity, while Zona fasciculata has 17α-hydroxylase activity
What stimulates the release of cortisol following a surge in ACTH?
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Test your knowledge on the biosynthesis and secretion of adrenal hormones, including the steps, enzymes involved, and physiological actions of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and catecholamines. Understand the regulatory mechanisms and identify the receptors for these hormones.
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