ADHD Background
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is true about ADHD?

  • ADHD is caused by defects in the serotonin pathways
  • ADHD symptoms only occur in childhood
  • ADHD is more common in girls than in boys
  • ADHD is characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity (correct)

What is the primary focus of ADHD research?

  • The role of norepinephrine in ADHD
  • The role of acetylcholine in ADHD
  • The role of dopamine in ADHD (correct)
  • The role of serotonin in ADHD

What is the primary treatment for ADHD?

  • Stimulant medications (correct)
  • Antidepressant medications
  • Antipsychotic medications
  • Anti-anxiety medications

What are the risks of not treating ADHD in children?

<p>Risky behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first-line treatment for preschool-aged children with ADHD?

<p>Parent training in behavior management (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitters are primarily affected in ADHD?

<p>Dopamine and norepinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gender difference in ADHD prevalence?

<p>ADHD is more common in boys (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary symptoms of ADHD?

<p>Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach for treating ADHD?

<p>A combination of medication and behavioral therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be considered if moderate-severe symptoms of ADHD persist despite behavioral interventions?

<p>Methylphenidate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is considered for first-line ADHD medication?

<p>Children 6 years old and above (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the DSM-5 criteria, how many symptoms of inattention are required for a diagnosis of ADHD in children up to age 16?

<p>Less than 6 symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum duration of symptoms required for a diagnosis of ADHD?

<p>6 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with inattention in ADHD?

<p>Talks excessively (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary symptoms used for diagnosing ADHD according to the DSM-5?

<p>Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which natural product has been shown to modestly improve cognitive function and behavior in children with ADHD?

<p>Fish oils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first-line medication for ADHD according to the text?

<p>Stimulants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which non-stimulant medication can be tried when stimulants do not work well enough?

<p>Atomoxetine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is ADHD medication approved for?

<p>Children 6 years old and above (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which non-stimulant medication can be used alone or in combination with stimulants?

<p>Guanfacine ER (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: ADHD is more common in girls than boys.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: ADHD is a temporary condition that disappears in adulthood.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Inattention and impulsivity can persist as symptoms of ADHD even as a person gets older.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Defects in the dopamine pathways are believed to contribute to ADHD.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: The primary treatment for ADHD is behavioral therapy alone.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Stimulant medications for ADHD can raise dopamine and norepinephrine levels.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Medication for ADHD should be the first-line treatment for preschool-aged children.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Methylphenidate is a non-stimulant medication used for ADHD.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Untreated ADHD can lead to impaired academic standing and poor social skills.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Parent training in behavior management can be a first-line treatment for preschool-aged children with ADHD.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: ADHD medications are considered first line in patients less than 6 years old?

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for ADHD are based on an assessment of the primary symptoms, inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity?

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: The symptoms of inattention in ADHD must have been present for at least 12 months?

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Fish oils have been shown to significantly improve cognitive function and behavior in children with ADHD?

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Melatonin is used to help with sleep onset in individuals with ADHD who are not taking stimulants?

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Stimulants are the first-line medications for ADHD?

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Atomoxetine (Strattera) is a stimulant medication commonly used as a first-line treatment for ADHD?

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Guanfacine ER (Intuniv) and clonidine ER (Kapvay) are stimulant medications commonly used in combination with stimulants for ADHD?

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Almost all ADHD medications are approved for use in adults and children greater than 6 years of age?

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: ADHD medications should be used alone without behavioral interventions when available?

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary presenting symptoms of ADHD?

<p>The primary presenting symptoms of ADHD are inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of ADHD research?

<p>The primary focus of ADHD research is on the catecholamine system, specifically the dopamine pathways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first-line treatment for preschool-aged children with ADHD?

<p>The first-line treatment for preschool-aged children with ADHD is parent training in behavior management and/or behavioral classroom intervention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the diagnostic criteria for ADHD according to the DSM-5?

<p>The diagnostic criteria for ADHD according to the DSM-5 include symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity. For children up to age 16, there must be at least 6 symptoms of inattention or hyperactivity and impulsivity. For ages 17 and older, there must be at least 5 symptoms. These symptoms must have been present for at least 6 months and are inappropriate for the individual's developmental level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary symptoms of inattention in ADHD?

<p>The primary symptoms of inattention in ADHD include failing to pay attention, having trouble holding attention, not paying attention when someone is talking, not following through on instructions, failing to finish schoolwork, having difficulty organizing tasks, avoiding or disliking tasks that require mental effort, losing things, being easily distracted, and being forgetful.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the first-line medications for ADHD?

<p>Stimulants are the first-line medications for ADHD. These medications are considered the initial treatment option for patients with ADHD, especially those who are 6 years old and above. Long-acting formulations of stimulants are preferred for children to maintain more steady symptom control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What natural products have been shown to improve cognitive function and behavior in children with ADHD?

<p>Fish oils have been shown to modestly improve cognitive function and behavior in children with ADHD. They are increasingly used for various psychiatric conditions. Another natural product, melatonin, is used to help with sleep onset in individuals taking stimulants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ADHD characteristics with their descriptions:

<p>ADHD = Most common neurodevelopmental disorder in children Symptoms = Inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity Primary treatment = Stimulant medications and behavioral therapy First-line treatment for pre-school aged children = Parent training in behavior management and/or behavioral classroom intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ADHD-related terms with their definitions:

<p>Dopamine pathways = Defects in these can play a role in ADHD Catecholamine system = Primary focus of ADHD research Methylphenidate = Can be considered if moderate-severe symptoms persist despite behavioral interventions Untreated ADHD = Can lead to impaired academic standing, poor social skills and risky behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ADHD treatments with their purposes:

<p>Stimulant medications = They raise dopamine and norepinephrine levels Behavioral therapy = Used in combination with medication for ADHD treatment Parent training in behavior management = First-line treatment for pre-school aged children Methylphenidate = Can be considered if moderate-severe symptoms persist despite behavioral interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the ADHD symptoms with their respective categories:

<p>Fails to finish schoolwork = Inattention Often fidgets or squirms = Hyperactivity &amp; Impulsivity Does not follow through on instructions = Inattention Talks excessively = Hyperactivity &amp; Impulsivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the ADHD medications with their type:

<p>Atomoxetine (Strattera) = Non-stimulant Guanfacine ER (Intuniv) = Non-stimulant Melatonin = Natural product Stimulants = First-line medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the diagnosis criteria with their respective ADHD symptom categories:

<p>Greater than or equal to 6 symptoms for children up to age 16 = Inattention Greater than or equal to 5 symptoms for ages 17 and older = Hyperactivity &amp; Impulsivity Symptoms must have been present for at least 6 months = Both Inattention and Hyperactivity &amp; Impulsivity Symptoms interfere with functioning and are not caused by another disorder = General criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the ADHD treatments with their descriptions:

<p>Behavioral interventions = Should be used with first-line medications when available Stimulants = First-line medications for ADHD Fish oils = Shown to modestly improve cognitive function and behavior in children with ADHD Atomoxetine (Strattera) = Can be used first line when prescribers are concerned about the possibility of abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following formulations can be mixed in water, orange juice, or yogurt?

<p>Capsule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When putting capsule contents in food, what should be avoided?

<p>Warming the food (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formulation is recommended for young children who cannot swallow capsules or tablets?

<p>Suspension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Young children who cannot swallow capsules or tablets can use patch formulations for long-acting ADHD medication?

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: When putting capsule contents in food, it is recommended to chew the beads?

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Young children who cannot swallow capsules or tablets can use chewable tablets for long-acting ADHD medication?

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different long-acting formulations that can be used for young children (and others) who cannot swallow capsules or tablets?

<p>The long-acting formulations that can be used for young children (and others) who cannot swallow capsules or tablets are: capsule (some can be sprinkled on applesauce), chewable tablet, orally-disintegrating tablet, patch, and suspension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What precautions should be taken when putting capsule contents in food?

<p>When putting capsule contents in food, use a small amount of food, do not chew the beads, do not warm the food, and take it right away.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended method for administering the capsule contents of Vyvanse?

<p>The capsule contents of Vyvanse can be mixed in water, orange juice or yogurt for administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following long-acting formulations with their appropriate mixing methods:

<p>Adderall XR, Ritalin lA = Sprinkled on a small amount of applesauce Vyvanse = Mixed in water, orange juice, or yogurt Suspension = Taken as is Patch = Applied directly on skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following instructions with their corresponding actions:

<p>Do not chew the beads = When putting capsule contents in food Use a small amount of food = When putting capsule contents in food Take it right away = After mixing capsule contents in food Do not warm the food = Before mixing capsule contents in food</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following medication formats with their uses:

<p>Capsule = Contents can be mixed with food or drink Chewable tablet = Can be chewed and swallowed Orally-disintegrating tablet = Disintegrates in the mouth without the need for water Patch = Applied directly to the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is recommended for ADHD patients who are at risk of abuse?

<p>Atomoxetine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used to help with sleep at night in ADHD patients?

<p>Clonidine ER (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication can be used as an add-on or alone in the treatment of ADHD?

<p>Guanfacine ER (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Diphenhydramine is an over-the-counter medication used to help with sleep at night in ADHD patients?

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Clonidine IR is a non-stimulant medication commonly used as an add-on medication for ADHD?

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Atomoxetine is a second-line non-stimulant medication for ADHD that should be taken if there is a risk of abuse?

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name three first-line stimulant medications for the treatment of ADHD.

<p>Methylphenidate, Lisdexamfetamine, Dextroamphetamine/Amphetamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two second-line non-stimulant medications for the treatment of ADHD.

<p>Atomoxetine, Guanfacine ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two medications that can be used to help with sleep in ADHD patients.

<p>Clonidine IR, Diphenhydramine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ADHD medications with their respective categories:

<p>Methylphenidate = First-line stimulants Atomoxetine (Strattera) = Second-line non-stimulants Guanfacine ER (Intuniv) = Add-on medications Melatonin = Help sleep at night</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ADHD medications with their usage instructions:

<p>Stimulants = Take in AM Non-stimulants = Take if risk of abuse Guanfacine ER (Intuniv) = Can be used alone or as add-on Diphenhydramine = Help sleep at night (OTC, 25-50 mg)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ADHD medications with their generic names:

<p>Concerta, Daytrana, Ritalin = Methylphenidate Vyvanse = Lisdexamfetamine Strattera = Atomoxetine Adderall and Adderall XR = Dextroamphetamine/Amphetamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can occur as a result of using stimulants in patients with a preexisting psychiatric condition?

<p>New-onset psychosis or mania (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of stimulant use in children?

<p>Loss of appetite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the increased risk when stimulants are used in combination with other serotonergic drugs?

<p>Serotonin syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a Boxed Warning for stimulant medications?

<p>Stimulants have a high potential for abuse and dependence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for most stimulant medications?

<p>Tourette's syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a warning related to stimulant medications?

<p>Increased risk of sudden death (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: All stimulant medications are classified as C-II medications?

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Stimulant medications can cause tolerance and psychological dependence when abused long-term?

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Stimulant medications are contraindicated in patients with marked anxiety, tension, agitation, glaucoma, hyperthyroidism, or a history of Tourette's syndrome or other tic disorders?

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Vascular problems such as priapism and Raynaud's disease can occur as a side effect of stimulant medication for ADHD?

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Stimulants can increase the risk of seizures in patients?

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Visual disturbances such as difficulty with accommodation and blurry vision can occur with stimulant medication use?

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the Boxed Warnings for stimulant medications?

<p>Stimulant medications have a high potential for abuse and dependence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the Contraindications for stimulant medications?

<p>Do not use within 14 days of an MAO inhibitor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the Warnings for stimulant medications?

<p>Increased levels of dopamine and norepinephrine can increase heart rate and blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two potential vascular problems that can occur as a side effect of stimulant medication for ADHD?

<p>Priapism and Raynaud's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the increased risk when stimulants are used in combination with other serotonergic drugs?

<p>The risk of serotonin syndrome is increased</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of stimulant medication for ADHD that can be especially concerning in children?

<p>Loss of appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following symptoms with the associated drug misuse:

<p>Dilated pupils, increased heart rate and blood pressure, sweating, tremor, anxiety = Abuse of stimulant medications Severe depression = Withdrawal from stimulant medications Abnormal behavior, psychotic episodes = Long-term abuse of stimulant medications Hypertensive crisis = Use of stimulants within 14 days of an MAO inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following contraindications with their corresponding stimulant drug risks:

<p>Marked anxiety, tension, agitation = Most stimulants Comorbid heart failure, recent myocardial infarction, arrhythmias or moderate-severe hypertension = Some stimulants Use within 14 days of an MAO inhibitor = Risk of hypertensive crisis History of Tourette's syndrome or other tic disorders = Most stimulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following warnings with their related stimulant drug effects:

<p>Increased levels of dopamine and norepinephrine = Increase in heart rate and blood pressure Cardiac disease at baseline = Increased risk of sudden death with stimulant use Presence of cardiac abnormalities = Avoidance of stimulant use Risk of serious cardiovascular events = Children and adults with or without preexisting cardiac disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following potential effects of stimulants with their descriptions:

<p>Vascular problems = May require dose reduction or discontinuation Psychosis or mania = Can be new-onset or an exacerbation of preexisting conditions Lowered seizure threshold = Increases risk for seizures Serotonin syndrome = Risk increased with use in combination with other serotonergic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following side effects of stimulants with their impacts:

<p>Loss of appetite = Can contribute to a decrease in a child's growth trajectory Visual disturbances = Includes difficulty with accommodation and blurry vision Serotonin syndrome = Risk increased when used with other serotonergic drugs Vascular problems = May require dose reduction or discontinuation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with the risks associated with stimulant usage:

<p>Preexisting psychiatric condition = Caution should be used when prescribing stimulants Seizure threshold = Some stimulants can lower this, increasing the risk for seizures Child's growth trajectory = A loss of appetite, a common side effect, can contribute to a decrease in this Serotonergic drugs = Risk of serotonin syndrome is increased when stimulants are used in combination with these</p> Signup and view all the answers

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