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Questions and Answers
What type of genome do adenoviruses possess?
Which characteristic of adenoviruses contributes to their high resistance?
What is one of the pathogenic effects associated with adenoviruses?
Which diagnostic methods can be used to isolate adenoviruses?
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What role do surface projections play in adenoviruses?
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What is the maximum duration for which virus shedding can occur in urine?
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What clinical sign is associated with the peracute course of the infection?
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Which of the following are common clinical signs of the disease in young dogs?
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What type of laboratory tests may indicate the presence of a viral infection?
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Which of the following is a likely pathological finding in cases of severe infection?
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What is the incubation period for this infection?
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What condition is indicated by the presence of corneal edema and glaucomatous changes?
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What is recommended in the clinical management of this viral infection?
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What is the primary cause of malignant catarrhal fever in cattle?
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Which animals are primarily affected by malignant catarrhal fever?
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How do cattle become infected with the virus associated with malignant catarrhal fever?
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Which of the following statements regarding the occurrence of malignant catarrhal fever is accurate?
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What is the role of wildebeest in the epidemiology of malignant catarrhal fever?
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During which age range do sheep shed the virus most intensively?
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What symptom is NOT typically associated with malignant catarrhal fever in cattle?
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Which of the following statements about the pathogenesis of malignant catarrhal fever is accurate?
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What is the causal agent of Canine Infectious Laryngotracheitis?
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What is a common sign of Canine Infectious Laryngotracheitis?
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Which of the following is NOT a recommended prevention method for Canine Infectious Laryngotracheitis?
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What kind of disease is Canine Infectious Laryngotracheitis classified as?
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What is a typical pathology observed in Fox Encephalitis?
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Which test is primarily used for the diagnosis of Fox Encephalitis?
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What vaccine type is usually included in the immunization for Canine Infectious Laryngotracheitis?
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What are the clinical signs of Fox Encephalitis primarily associated with?
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Which of the following is a co-infection that can contribute to the complications of Canine Infectious Laryngotracheitis?
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What are the characteristic histological findings in Fox Encephalitis?
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What are the primary clinical signs observed in calves affected by adenovirus pneumoenteritis?
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Which genus includes Bovine mastadenovirus A and Canine mastadenovirus?
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What is the main route of infection for adenovirus in animals?
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In which age group are calves most likely to exhibit disease symptoms from adenovirus?
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Which of the following is a common co-infection that complicates adenovirus infections in cattle?
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Adenovirus infections in lambs are primarily associated with which condition?
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What management practice is essential for the prevention of adenovirus pneumonia in calves?
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What is the incubation period for adenovirus infections in calves?
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Which of the following diagnostic methods is commonly used for identifying adenovirus infections?
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Which serotype is commonly associated with adenovirus infections in lambs?
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What is a key characteristic of the pathology observed in adenovirus infections in cattle?
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What preventive measure is recommended for pregnant cattle to protect against adenovirus infections?
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What is one of the main strategies for treating adenovirus infections in cattle?
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Study Notes
Adenoviruses
- Double-stranded DNA genome, non-enveloped (high resistance) icosahedral
- First isolations from human adenoid gland
- Wide distribution, diverse pathogenicity (carriers frequently asymptomatic), oncogenic effect (some)
- Strong antigens, surface projections (fibres - neutralising antigen), cross-reactions within genera (serogroups)
- Diagnosis: virus isolation (strong CPE), IF, HA, ELISA, PCR
Adenovirus Pneumonia in Calves
- Mild disease of 1-4 months old calves with nasal discharge, coughing and diarrhoea
- Caused by Mastadenovirus genus (“subgroup I”) which replicates in bovine kidney cells, or Atadenovirus genus (“subgroup II”) which replicates in bovine testicle cells
- Airborne infection (oronasal route) multiplies in tonsils, lymphoid tissue then spreads via viraemia (lymphoid cells) to upper respiratory and enteric mucosal
- Introduces to farms by carrier calves - usually in large farms (crowding), poor colostrum uptake
- Subclinical in adult cattle
- Often occurs with co-infections (BVD, IBR, PI-3, Pasteurella..)
- Incubation time: 1-7 days
- Clinical signs: mild fever, loss of appetite, conjunctivitis, serous nasal discharge, coughing, salivation, mild diarrhoea
- Co-infections (1-2 weeks after the first signs) - pneumonia
- Pathology: intralobular interstitial pneumonia, bronchiolitis, atelectasia, virus enteritis, osmotic diarrhoea, kidney tubular epithelial necrosis, proteinuria
- BAdV-10 – New Zealand, Northern Ireland: non-febrile enterocolitis, haemorrhagic gastroenteritis, haemorrhages in renal cortex, bladder and trachea - newly introduced disease to cattle from sheep, more severe clinical signs
- Diagnosis: Virus isolation: PCR, IF, ELISA - Serology: VN (paired sera investigations) with all serotypes
- Treatment: symptomatic and supportive therapy (with antibiotics)
- Prevention: Improve keeping conditions, check colostrum uptake, farm-specific inactivated vaccines (polyvalent - viral and bacterial antigen components) - repeated vaccination of calves, vaccination of pregnant cattle twice before parturition
Adenovirus Pneumonia in Lambs
- Respiratory and enteric disease usually in intensively raised lambs
- Caused by Mastadenovirus genus and Atadenovirus genus
- Similar to calf pneumonia - mainly in lambs of young ewes (first pregnancy), crowded raising/fattening farms, frequent asymptomatic carriage
- Clinical signs: Similar to calf pneumonia - in lambs from the age of 3-4 weeks on, mainly respiratory signs but haemorrhagic-necrotic enteritis may also occur (OAdV-4)
- Co-infections may complicate the disease
- Urolithiasis is a frequent complication in rams
- Treatment, control, prevention: symptomatic and supportive treatment, closed farming, improved hygiene, inactivated vaccine (currently not available)
Canine Adenovirus
- Virus shedding with secretions (faeces, urine: up to six months) - long-term carriage (in kidneys) - direct infection
- Cross-protection: CAdV-2
- Sensitivity: 3-6 months - mortalities over 1 year - mild or subclinical
- Maternal immunity - protects up to 3 months
- Incubation time: 1-5 days
- Clinical signs:
- Peracute - death within 1-2 days, non-specific clinical signs
- Acute - fever over 40°C for 3-5 days, may look like poisoning
- Extended - 1-2 weeks, oedema, convulsions, uveitis (grey/blue eyes)
- Fox - acute encephalitis, convulsions, haemorrhages
- Sudden death may occur
- Fever, depression, lymphadenomegaly, oedema, icterus, anorexia, vomiting, bloody diarrhoea, abdominal pain
- Mucosal haemorrhages, tachycardia, leukopenia, coagulation problems (gum bleeding, haematoma)
- Apathy, seizures, disorientation, coma -> death
- Conjunctivitis, corneal oedema, anterior uveitis, photophobia
- Chronic - “blue eye”, cataract, glaucoma, ulceration
- Pathology: Oedema, haemorrhages, enlarged yellow liver, centrolobular hepatocyte necrosis, hepatitis, icterus, serosa haemorrhages, nephritis, gall bladder oedema, nuclear inclusion bodies (Cowdry A), smudge cell
- Diagnosis: anamnesis, clinical signs, leukopenia, lymphopenia, neutropenia, later neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, elevated serum ALT, AST, ALP levels, bilirubinuria, proteinuria, prolonged clotting time, DIC, direct virus detection - immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase staining, virus isolation (in canine or swine cells), PCR, serology - VN, iIF, ELISA, HAI, CF, AGID
- Differential diagnosis: CPV-2 (Canine parvovirus), CPV-1, CDV (Canine distemper virus), CHV (Canine herpes)
- Treatment: Clinical management (IV hydration, glucose, liver protective drugs), hyper-immune serum
- Prevention: Immunisation: attenuated and inactivated CAdV-1, attenuated CAdV-2 - cross-protection between CAdV-1 and 2, usually a component of polyvalent vaccines - basic immunisation from 2-3 months of age - yearly (or every 2nd or 3rd year) repetitions
Canine Infectious Laryngotracheitis
- Mild febrile disease of dogs with upper respiratory tract inflammation
- Caused by CAdV-2
- Distribution: world-wide
- Usually in young dogs - alone rarely induces clinical signs
- Crowded keeping conditions, co-infections - Parainfluenza virus 2, Canine respiratory coronavirus, canine herpesvirus, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pasteurella multocida → Kennel cough syndrome
- Pathogenesis: Airborne infection -> virus multiplication in upper respiratory tract mucosa -> rhinitis, laryngitis, tracheobronchitis, bronchiolitis
- Clinical Signs: Mild fever, nasal discharge, dry coughing - with co-infection pneumonia is often observed (not caused by adenovirus)
- Diagnosis: Case history, clinical signs, quick spread in the population, virus isolation in canine cells, serology: VN, ELISA, PCR
- Treatment: Symptomatic (respiration support) + antibiotics for co-infections
- Prevention: Improved keeping conditions, immunisation from 2-3 months, usually polyvalent vaccines
Fox Encephalitis
- CNS signs are more important - haemorrhagic encephalitis of foxes
- Clinical symptoms: inappetence, apathy, change in behaviour, later incoordination, convulsions, death
- Pathology: hepatitis, lympho-histiocytic encephalitis (lymphoid cell cuffing around the blood vessels, neuron degeneration, glial nodules), intranuclear inclusion bodies are pathognomic (neurons, hepatocytes, urinary bladder epithelial cells)
- Diagnosis: PCR
- Differential diagnosis: rabies, distemper
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
- Acute, usually lethal, febrile illness with general signs, kerato-conjunctivitis, encephalitis, haemorrhagic pneumonia, and enteritis mainly in cattle
- Occurrence: world-wide
- Caused by Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OHV-2), Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1): Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily (although rarely other herpesviruses are also involved)
- AlHV-1 can be propagated in cell culture, OHV-2 not
- AlHV-1 - wildebeest inapparent infection, only cattle are affected
- OHV-2 - sheep inapparent infection, affected: cattle, rarely buffalo, bison, deer, goat, swine
- CpHV-2 - goat inapparent infection, affected: buffalo, deer, swine - mainly cattle are affected, other ruminants can show some symptoms
- Epizootiology:
- In Africa - wildebeest-associated MCF: most wildebeest over one year of age are carriers, shedding the virus with amniotic fluid and different secretions, cattle are infected on the shared pasture
- Outside Africa - sheep-associated MCF: sheep (and other ruminants) are asymptomatic carriers, virus shedding of sheep is most intensive in 6-9 months of age, cattle get infected after prolonged (few months) contact with sheep, cattle are not able to spread the virus, only sporadic cases in a herd, rarely several animals are affected, elder animals are more sensitive (young animals can survive)
- Pathogenesis: Not known in several aspects. Contribution of other latent virus infection in cattle?
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Description
Explore the characteristics and pathogenicity of adenoviruses, including their double-stranded DNA structure and diagnostic methods. Additionally, learn about adenovirus pneumonia in calves, its symptoms, and the impact of carrier calves on infection spread in farms.
