Addition Reactions of Alkenes
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Questions and Answers

What is the characteristic mode of reaction of alkanes?

  • Addition reaction
  • Substitution reaction (correct)
  • Elimination reaction
  • Oxidation reaction

    • What is the product formed when ethene reacts with hydrogen iodide?

  • Iodoethane (correct)
  • Fluoroethane
  • Bromoethane
  • Chloroethane

    • What is the reactivity order of hydrogen halides with alkenes?

  • HCl > HBr > HI > HF
  • HI > HBr > HCl > HF (correct)
  • HBr > HI > HCl > HF
  • HF > HCl > HBr > HI

    • What is the product formed when alkenes undergo hydration?

    <p>Alcohols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reagent used for the oxidation of ethane to ethane-1,2 diol?

    <p>KMnO4 alkaline solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of adding water to a compound?

    <p>Hydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the catalyst used in the reaction of ethene with hydrogen iodide?

    <p>Anhydrous aluminium III chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general formula for Aldehydes and Ketones?

    <p>RCHO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a nitrile?

    <p>R-C≡N</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ethyne in oxyacetylene flame?

    <p>Used in welding and cutting steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group is characteristic of an amide?

    <p>R-NH-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between an aldehyde and a ketone?

    <p>The placement of the carbonyl group within the molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an ether?

    <p>CH3OCH3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reactivity order of hydrogen halides with alkynes?

    <p>HI &gt; HBr &gt; HCL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the IUPAC name for CH3COOH?

    <p>Ethanoic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general rule for naming aldehydes?

    <p>Change the name of the --e at the end of the chain to --al</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of steps for naming ketones?

    <p>Find the longest chain, number the carbon atoms, add the numerical prefix, change the --e to --one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reaction involves the formation of a β hydroxyketone or β hydroxyl aldehyde?

    <p>Aldol condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of aldehydes and ketones compared to alcohols?

    <p>Lower boiling points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the polymer used in latex-free laboratory and medical gloves?

    <p>Nitrile rubber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general term for organic compounds containing multiple nitrile groups?

    <p>Cyanocarbons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of aldol condensation in organic synthesis?

    <p>To form carbon-carbon bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used interchangeably with 'nitrile' in industrial literature?

    <p>Cano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Unsaturated Compounds

    • Unsaturated compounds can combine directly with other substances to form a new compound.
    • Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons and react by substitution.

    Addition Reactions of Alkenes

    • Addition of hydrogen (hydrogenation): the reaction is an important stage in the conversion of vegetable oils into margarine.
    • Addition of halogens (halogenation):
      • The order of reactivity of halogens with alkenes is F > Cl > Br > I.
      • The reaction with fluorine is rather explosive, while chlorine and bromine react rapidly at room temperature.
      • The halogen is added across the double bond.
    • Addition of hydrogen halides (hydrohalogenation):
      • The reactivity order of hydrogen halides with alkenes is HI > HBr > HCl > HF.
      • Ethene combines with hydrogen iodide and hydrogen bromide at room temperature with anhydrous aluminium III chloride as a catalyst.
    • Addition of water (hydration):
      • Hydration is achieved indirectly with tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid, resulting in the formation of alcohols.
    • Addition of oxygen (oxidation):
      • Baeyer's reagent (a cold KMnO4 alkaline solution) oxidizes ethane to ethane-1,2 diol (ethylene glycol).

    Uses of Ethyne

    • Ethyne is used in oxyacetylene flame for welding and cutting steel.
    • It is used to prepare non-flammable industrial solvents, such as trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene.
    • Ethyne is a good starting material for the synthesis of other important organic compounds, such as ethanoic acid.

    Functional Groups

    • Various functional groups are listed, including:
      • Alcohols (R-OH)
      • Amines (R-NH2)
      • Thiols (R-SH)
      • Chlorides (R-Cl)
      • Aldehydes (R-CHO)
      • Ketones (R-COR)
      • Bromides (R-Br)
      • Iodides (R-I)
      • Amides (R-CO-NH2)
      • Acid chlorides (R-CO-Cl)
      • Carboxylic acids (R-COOH)
      • Anhydrides (R-CO-OCOR)
      • Esters (R-CO-OR)
      • Imine (R-CH=NR)
      • Nitro group (R-NO2)
      • Ether (R-OR)

    Aldehydes and Ketones

    • General formula: Aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl group.
    • Definition:
      • Aldehydes have the carbonyl group attached to a carbon atom at the end of a carbon chain.
      • Ketones have the carbonyl group attached to a carbon atom within the carbon chain.
    • Examples of aldehydes and ketones are given.
    • Nomenclature rules for aldehydes and ketones are outlined.

    Five General Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones

    • Nucleophilic addition
    • Reduction reaction
    • Oxidation reaction
    • Halogenation
    • Reaction with alkalis

    Aldol Condensation

    • Aldol condensation is an organic reaction in which an enolate ion reacts with a carbonyl compound to form β-hydroxyketone or β-hydroxyaldehyde, followed by dehydration to give a conjugated enone.
    • Aldol condensation plays a vital role in organic synthesis, creating a path to form carbon-carbon bonds.

    Nitriles (R-CN)

    • The prefix "cyano-" is used interchangeably with the term "nitrile" in industrial literature.
    • Nitriles are found in many useful compounds, including methylcyanoacrylate used in superglue and nitrile rubber.
    • Nitrile rubber is widely used as automotive and other seals due to its resistance to fuels and oils.
    • Organic compounds containing multiple nitrile groups are known as cyanocarbons.

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    Related Documents

    CHEMISTRY OF HYDROCARBONS (1).docx

    Description

    Learn about the addition reactions of alkenes, including hydrogenation and halogenation, and their reactivity with different substances.

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