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Questions and Answers
The product formed in the halogenation process is called a ______.
The product formed in the halogenation process is called a ______.
halohydrin
Oxymercuration involves a catalyst such as ______ which forms a complex with the π bond of the alkene.
Oxymercuration involves a catalyst such as ______ which forms a complex with the π bond of the alkene.
Hg(OAc)₂
In hydroboration-oxidation, the -OH group adds to the ______ substituted carbon.
In hydroboration-oxidation, the -OH group adds to the ______ substituted carbon.
less
The addition of H₂O to an alkene is typically catalyzed by an acid such as ______.
The addition of H₂O to an alkene is typically catalyzed by an acid such as ______.
When using alcohol instead of water in hydration reactions, the product formed is an ______.
When using alcohol instead of water in hydration reactions, the product formed is an ______.
The addition of X₂ to an alkene does not proceed through a C⊕ intermediate, resulting in ______ stereochemistry.
The addition of X₂ to an alkene does not proceed through a C⊕ intermediate, resulting in ______ stereochemistry.
In the halohydrin formation, the reaction involves adding 'H-O-X' to an alkene alongside water, with water being the ______ nucleophile.
In the halohydrin formation, the reaction involves adding 'H-O-X' to an alkene alongside water, with water being the ______ nucleophile.
The addition of hydrogen in hydrogenation reactions requires a ______ catalyst for the process to occur.
The addition of hydrogen in hydrogenation reactions requires a ______ catalyst for the process to occur.
Hydration of alkenes is achieved using H₂O along with ______ and requires a certain solvent for the reaction.
Hydration of alkenes is achieved using H₂O along with ______ and requires a certain solvent for the reaction.
During the Simmons-Smith reaction, the addition of a carbene leads to the formation of a ______ structure.
During the Simmons-Smith reaction, the addition of a carbene leads to the formation of a ______ structure.
Flashcards
Halogenation of alkenes
Halogenation of alkenes
Addition of X2 (Cl2, Br2, I2) to an alkene creating a vicinal dihalide. The reaction proceeds via a halonium ion intermediate (e.g., bromonium ion), which is anti addition.
Halohydrin Formation
Halohydrin Formation
Addition of water and a halogen across a double bond, creating a vicinal halohydrin where the halogen and hydroxyl are on adjacent carbons.
Hydroxylation of Alkenes (syn)
Hydroxylation of Alkenes (syn)
Addition of two hydroxyl groups across a double bond, producing vicinal diols. Different reagents/steps will yield cis or trans diols.
Epoxidation of Alkenes
Epoxidation of Alkenes
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Ozonolysis of Alkenes
Ozonolysis of Alkenes
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Halohydrin formation
Halohydrin formation
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Markovnikov's rule in hydration
Markovnikov's rule in hydration
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Oxymercuration
Oxymercuration
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Hydroboration-Oxidation
Hydroboration-Oxidation
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Acid-catalyzed hydration
Acid-catalyzed hydration
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Study Notes
Alkenes Reactions and Synthesis
- Addition of H₂ to an alkene: Uses Pd/C catalyst.
- Addition of HX to an alkene: Uses HBr, HCl, or HI.
- Addition of X₂ to an alkene: Uses Br₂, Cl₂, or I₂. Results in vicinal dibromides (anti addition).
- Halohydrins from alkenes: Uses Br₂/H₂O, Cl₂/H₂O, or NBS/DMSO/H₂O. Produces alcohols with halogens at adjacent carbons (anti addition).
- Hydration of alkenes: Uses H₂O, Hg(OAc)₂, THF, then NaBH₄. This can be catalyzed by other acids. Markovnikov addition of OH.
- Hydroboration-Oxidation of alkenes: Uses BH₃ and then H₂O₂, OH⁻. Produces alcohols with OH on the less substituted carbon (anti-Markovnikov).
- Hydrogenation of alkenes: Uses H₂ and Pd/C catalyst; Syn addition of H₂.
- Epoxidation of alkenes: Uses MCPBA or other peroxy acid. Forms an epoxide (cyclic ether ring).
- Epoxide formation by treating a halohydrin with base: Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of epoxide to form trans-1,2-diol.
- Preparation of a cis-1,2-diol: Uses OsO₄, pyridine, then NaHSO₃, or other reagents.
- Preparation of trans-1,2-diol: via acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of epoxide.
- Ozonolysis of alkenes: Uses O₃ followed by a reductive workup. Breaks the carbon-carbon double bond; Forms carbonyl products.
- Oxidative cleavage of alkenes with KMnO₄: Breaks the carbon-carbon double bonds; Forms carboxylic acid and/or ketone products.
- Oxidative cleavage of 1,2-diols with HIO₄: Breaks the carbon-carbon bond between diol groups; Forms carbonyl products.
- Addition of dichlorocarbene to an alkene: Forms cyclopropanes.
- Simmons-Smith reaction: Adds a methylene (CH₂) group to an alkene; Produces cyclopropanes.
- Free radical polymerization of alkenes: Forms polymers.
- Addition of HBr to an alkene in the presence of peroxides: Produces anti-Markovnikov addition product.
Additional Notes
- Stereochemistry: Important to consider the stereochemical outcome of reactions, particularly when new chiral centers are formed.
- Reagents: Reagents and the conditions they're used with are key to the success of these reactions.
- Mechanisms: Knowing the mechanisms for specific reactions helps in predicting the product and understanding the steps/processes.
- Solvents: Solvents are important in many reactions and their role must be understood.
- Catalysts: Catalysts are also crucial and help in the success of reactions.
Other topics
- Halohydrins: Alcohols with halogen on adjacent carbons.
- Markovnikov's Rule: The rule for addition of HX/H₂O to alkenes (the hydrogen adds to the carbon with more hydrogens).
- Anti-Markovnikov's Rule: The rule for hydroboration-oxidation of alkenes (the opposite of Markovnikov's rule).
- Cis-1,2-diols: a diol with adjacent hydroxyl (-OH) groups positioned on the same side of the molecule.
- Trans-1,2-diols: a diol with adjacent hydroxyl (-OH) groups positioned on opposite sides of the molecule.
- Epoxide: Three membered ring cyclic ether.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various reactions and synthesis involving alkenes. This quiz covers key addition reactions, hydration, hydroboration-oxidation, and epoxidation mechanisms. Enhance your understanding of how alkenes interact with different reagents to form diverse products.
