Adaptations to Starvation and Lean Tissue Conservation
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Questions and Answers

What type of fatty acids are primarily found in animal fats and tropical oils?

  • Polyunsaturated fatty acids
  • Saturated fatty acids (correct)
  • Monounsaturated fatty acids
  • Trans fatty acids

    • Which statement about cis and trans double bonds in fatty acids is correct?

  • Cis double bonds have hydrogen atoms facing opposite directions.
  • Cis double bonds are mainly introduced by human manipulation.
  • Trans double bonds are more abundant in nature than cis double bonds.
  • Trans double bonds are generally produced through hydrogenation. (correct)

    • What characteristic is true for long-chain fatty acids?

  • They solidify at room temperature. (correct)
  • They contain one double bond.
  • They contain less than 8 carbon atoms.
  • They are primarily liquid at room temperature.

    • Which of the following fatty acids is classified as essential?

    <p>Polyunsaturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical characteristic of short-chain fatty acids?

    <p>They are liquid at colder temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary component is crucial for replenishing glycogen stores after aerobic activity?

    <p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does creatine supplementation have on athletic performance?

    <p>Enhances certain power activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of using anabolic steroids?

    <p>Development of liver tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does protein intake play in muscle mass accrual?

    <p>Relevant only when combined with resistance exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutritional supplement has shown negligible advantages for exercise performance?

    <p>Energy bars and drinks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does caffeine have on athletic performance?

    <p>Acts as a stimulant that may help in some activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about DHEA/Andro is true?

    <p>It's a weak version of testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reason for athletes to consume high carbohydrate meals?

    <p>To stimulate insulin release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fat is primarily found in the body and food, consisting of three fatty acids bound to glycerol?

    <p>Triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of adipose tissue is considered beneficial and provides significant estrogen in non-pregnant females?

    <p>Subcutaneous adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the number of double bonds in fatty acids on their melting point?

    <p>Decreases melting point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fatty acid is classified as omega-3 and is known for its anti-inflammatory properties?

    <p>Linolenic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate caloric value of fats and oils per gram?

    <p>9 kcal/gram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of adipose tissue surrounds internal organs and is often referred to as 'bad' fat?

    <p>Visceral adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to an increase in the melting point of fatty acids?

    <p>Higher number of carbon atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called that creates trans fatty acids from fats and oils?

    <p>Hydrogenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between muscle mass in children and brain development?

    <p>Higher muscle mass is associated with better brain development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is muscle mass considered an important index of nutritional status?

    <p>It is the largest component of fat-free mass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the measurement of muscle mass help with in the context of stunting tests?

    <p>It plays a fundamental role in assessing nutritional health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT mentioned as a reliable way to measure muscle mass?

    <p>High-intensity exercise testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does calorie restriction typically have on lifespan?

    <p>It increases lifespan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In calorie restriction studies, what is a typical percentage reduction in caloric intake?

    <p>20-40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a benefit associated with calorie restriction?

    <p>Increased susceptibility to diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of measuring D3-creatinine enrichment in muscle mass evaluation?

    <p>To determine total body creatine pool size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of blood doping?

    <p>To enhance oxygen carrying capacity of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can endurance athletes commonly store their own blood for performance enhancement?

    <p>Through auto transfusion before races</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant health risk is associated with blood doping in young athletes?

    <p>Blood sludging and strokes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of erythropoietin in the performance-enhancing process?

    <p>To stimulate production of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of anabolic drugs in medical settings?

    <p>To enhance muscle growth and rehabilitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common dietary source of triglycerides in the American diet?

    <p>Oils and fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During fasting, what occurs to triglycerides stored in adipose tissue?

    <p>They are broken down to release fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about lipids is true?

    <p>Fats are solid at room temperature, while oils are liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is insulin resistance primarily defined as?

    <p>A state requiring higher levels of insulin for normal biological response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D)?

    <p>Approximately 25-30% of obese individuals will develop T2D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was observed concerning the intake of simple sugars in the average US diet?

    <p>Simple sugars now contribute a similar amount of calories as saturated fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does restricting sugar intake have on adolescents with fatty liver disease?

    <p>It reduces fatty liver and fat synthesis in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of obese individuals are typically affected by insulin resistance?

    <p>2/3 of obese individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of excessive intake of simple sugars and fructose?

    <p>Increased risk of fatty liver and insulin resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about non-insulin resistant (non-IR) obese individuals?

    <p>They are often considered healthy despite their obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the progression of chronic diseases like T2D best understood?

    <p>By studying the timing of progression and underlying causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Adaptations to Starvation

    • The body is mostly water (60-70% in children, 50% in adults).
    • Lean tissue is about 20% protein.
    • Energy stores are primarily triglycerides in adipose tissue.
    • Total energy content of fat in the body is roughly 135,000 kcal in a 70 kg individual.
    • Key storage sites for carbohydrates include liver (~300 kcal) and muscle (<1200kcal).

    Lean Tissue Conservation

    • Normal protein loss equals protein intake (nitrogen balance).
    • Up to ~500 grams of lean tissue can be lost per 100 grams of protein lost.
    • 30 days of a 100 gram protein loss rate could lead to a 3 kg loss.

    Starvation and Lethal Losses

    • 40-50% lean body mass loss is lethal.
    • Losing 15kg of lean body mass is life-threatening.
    • Survival can be extended to 60-90 days or more with hydration and electrolyte maintenance

    Sequential Metabolic Response

    • Phase 1: Glycogen depletion, high nitrogen loss, baseline fuel maintained
    • Phase 2: Fatty acid oxidation and ketosis, reduced nitrogen loss, tissue loss (~7 days)
    • Phase 3: Brain adapts to ketones, reduced nitrogen and tissue loss, other adaptations occur. This involves the brain shifting from glucose to ketones as its primary fuel source.

    Role of Different Tissues in Starvation

    • Liver: reduces glucose release, increases fatty acid oxidation, and decreases gluconeogenesis.
    • Pancreas: reduces insulin secretion.
    • Adipose tissue: increases fatty acid release.
    • Muscle: reduces glucose oxidation, increases fat oxidation, reduces protein breakdown.
    • Brain: adapts to utilize ketones, reduces glucose oxidation, and dramatically reduces amino acid use.

    Other Relevant Information

    • The text discusses the hormonal consequences of starvation, reasons for losing nitrogen, interactions of starvation and infection, and effects of feeding during infection.
    • There are also descriptions of stunting, muscle mass as a marker of stunting, and calorie restriction. The text discusses the difference between starvation in mice versus humans, and the importance of understanding the natural history of nutrition-related chronic diseases, particularly type 2 diabetes.
    • The role of fructose in the diet, and the effects of long-term fructose intake on metabolic risks factors.
    • The text thoroughly analyzes the complex relationship between metabolic factors, including those related to insulin, and how they manifest themselves in different conditions.

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    Related Documents

    Unit 2 Nutrition Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the physiological adaptations of the body during starvation, focusing on lean tissue conservation, metabolic responses, and the critical thresholds of body mass loss. Understand the intricate balance of energy stores and the implications of protein loss on survival during prolonged fasting. Test your knowledge on how the body copes with nutrient deficiencies over time.

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