26 Questions
Explain how endurance training affects lactate production and removal systems in the body.
Endurance training increases both the production and removal systems of lactate. The trained person has less lactate in their body, indicating a decrease in production and an increase in removal.
What is the lactate threshold and how does it differ between trained and untrained individuals?
The lactate threshold is the exercise intensity at which lactate production exceeds lactate removal, resulting in a rapid increase in blood lactate levels. Trained individuals have a higher lactate threshold compared to untrained individuals.
Describe the relationship between weight, lactate production, and the energy system being used during resistance exercise.
Higher weight during resistance exercise leads to less lactate production since the main energy system being used shifts from glycolysis to the phosphocreatine (PCr) system.
What is the total ATP production per glucose molecule after the ETC, glycolysis, PDH, and Krebs cycle?
30 ATP
What is the formula for cardiac output?
Q = SV \times HR
What is the relationship between stroke volume and heart rate?
Cardiac output increases with increasing intensity, which is dependent on the demands of the body
Explain the relationship between the initial concentration of lactate at the end of exercise and the rate of recovery. Provide an example.
A higher concentration of lactate at the end of exercise leads to a faster rate of recovery. For example, if an athlete has a high concentration of lactate at the end of exercise, they will experience a quicker decrease in lactate levels compared to an athlete with a lower initial concentration of lactate.
How does jogging during the recovery period contribute to faster lactate removal? Explain the process.
Jogging during the recovery period contributes to faster lactate removal because it helps maintain blood flow throughout the body and to the muscles. This promotes the transportation of lactate out of the muscles into the liver through the Cori cycle. From the liver, lactate is then taken out through the bloodstream into the heart, facilitating its removal from the body.
What factors influence the rate of lactate recovery during the resting phase? Provide two examples.
The rate of lactate recovery during the resting phase is influenced by the intensity of exercise and the activity performed during recovery. For example, exercising at a lower intensity (30-40% cycling) results in slower lactate recovery compared to jogging at a higher intensity (55-70%). Additionally, massage/stretching has minimal impact on lactate recovery as it does not significantly affect blood flow, whereas active recovery can lower blood lactate levels due to increased blood circulation.
What are the adaptations in the energy systems and enzymes as a result of sprint training?
Sprint training leads to a faster rate of ATP hydrolysis and increased activity of ATPases and ATP regeneration enzymes.
What is the primary fuel source at high power output?
Carbohydrates are the primary fuel source at high power output.
How does training affect the transport of glucose into cells?
With training, the transport of glucose into cells is increased through the stimulation of GLUT-4 by insulin or exercise.
What are the adaptations in glycogen metabolism and glycolysis with training?
Enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism and glycolysis show adaptations with training, such as increased activity of glycogen phosphorylase and LDH.
Which of the following activities during the recovery period is most effective for faster lactate removal?
Continuous jogging
Which of the following factors contributes to a faster rate of lactate recovery?
Higher initial concentration of lactate at the end of exercise
What is the recommended intensity range for jogging during the recovery period to promote faster lactate removal?
55-70%
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of pyruvate to lactate during exercise?
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
What is the main factor contributing to increased lactate removal during endurance training?
Improved transport (MCT)
What is the lactate threshold for a trained individual who reaches their threshold at a speed of 180 m/min?
180 m/min
Which energy system shows a massive increase in sprint training?
The glycolytic system
Which fuel source is primarily utilized at high power output?
Carbohydrates
What is the primary role of protein in energy production?
Protein has little involvement in energy production
What adaptations occur in glycogen metabolism and glycolysis with training?
Increased activity of glycogen phosphorylase
Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating total ATP production per glucose molecule after the ETC, glycolysis, PDH, and Krebs cycle?
$2 + (2 \times 1.5) + (2 \times 2.5) + (6 \times 2.5) + (2 \times 1.5)$
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
Deliver nutrients
Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating cardiac output (Q)?
$Q = SV \times HR$
Study Notes
Adaptations in Energy Systems and Enzymes with Training
- The intensity of the workout affects the adaptations in the energy systems and enzymes.
- Sprint training leads to a faster rate of ATP hydrolysis and increased activity of ATPases and ATP regeneration enzymes.
- Sprinters have higher levels of ATP and total creatine compared to endurance athletes.
- Aerobic system does not respond well to 5-second sprints, but the glycolytic system shows a massive increase in sprint training.
- Carbohydrates are the primary fuel source at high power output, while fats are utilized more at lower intensities.
- With training, the transport of glucose into cells is increased through the stimulation of GLUT-4 by insulin or exercise.
- Trained individuals have higher glycogen levels, which allows them to exercise at higher intensities or for longer durations.
- Trained individuals are better able to utilize lactate as fuel.
- Protein has little involvement in energy production, but there is increased alanine production in the liver for gluconeogenesis.
- Enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism and glycolysis show adaptations with training, such as increased activity of glycogen phosphorylase and LDH.
- Training increases mitochondrial volume, enzyme activity, and myoglobin concentration, enhancing the capacity for oxidative phosphorylation and oxygen transport.
- ATP production remains the same from fuels, but there is an increased storage of ATP and PCr, resulting in less depletion of PCr during exercise.
Adaptations in Energy Systems and Enzymes with Training
- The intensity of the workout affects the adaptations in the energy systems and enzymes.
- Sprint training leads to a faster rate of ATP hydrolysis and increased activity of ATPases and ATP regeneration enzymes.
- Sprinters have higher levels of ATP and total creatine compared to endurance athletes.
- Aerobic system does not respond well to 5-second sprints, but the glycolytic system shows a massive increase in sprint training.
- Carbohydrates are the primary fuel source at high power output, while fats are utilized more at lower intensities.
- With training, the transport of glucose into cells is increased through the stimulation of GLUT-4 by insulin or exercise.
- Trained individuals have higher glycogen levels, which allows them to exercise at higher intensities or for longer durations.
- Trained individuals are better able to utilize lactate as fuel.
- Protein has little involvement in energy production, but there is increased alanine production in the liver for gluconeogenesis.
- Enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism and glycolysis show adaptations with training, such as increased activity of glycogen phosphorylase and LDH.
- Training increases mitochondrial volume, enzyme activity, and myoglobin concentration, enhancing the capacity for oxidative phosphorylation and oxygen transport.
- ATP production remains the same from fuels, but there is an increased storage of ATP and PCr, resulting in less depletion of PCr during exercise.
Test your knowledge on adaptations in energy systems and enzymes with training. Learn about the effects of different workout intensities on ATP hydrolysis, ATPases, and ATP regeneration enzymes. Discover how sprint training impacts ATP and creatine levels compared to endurance training. Explore the utilization of carbohydrates and fats as fuel sources at varying power outputs. Understand the role of insulin and exercise in glucose transport into cells. Gain insights into the effects of training on glycogen levels, lactate utilization, and protein involvement in energy
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