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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of increasing muscle temperature?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of increasing muscle temperature?
- Reduced PCR and glycogen usage (correct)
- Less reliance on anaerobic/lactate pathways and increased fat utilization
- Increased enzyme activity
- Improved blood flow and more oxygen circulation
Which organ primarily uses carbohydrates instead of fats for energy?
Which organ primarily uses carbohydrates instead of fats for energy?
- Muscle
- Brain (correct)
- Adipocyte
- Liver
What is the main enzyme responsible for breaking down triglycerides in the body?
What is the main enzyme responsible for breaking down triglycerides in the body?
- HSL (hormone sensitive lipase) (correct)
- Epinephrine
- ATGL (adipose triglyceride lipase)
- Camp
What is the role of albumin in the body?
What is the role of albumin in the body?
Which transporter allows fatty acids to enter muscle cells?
Which transporter allows fatty acids to enter muscle cells?
What is the process called that breaks down fatty acids into Acetyl CoA?
What is the process called that breaks down fatty acids into Acetyl CoA?
Why are fats primarily used as an energy source during rest?
Why are fats primarily used as an energy source during rest?
How many Acetyl CoA molecules are produced from a 20-carbon fatty acid during B-oxidation?
How many Acetyl CoA molecules are produced from a 20-carbon fatty acid during B-oxidation?
What is the resting lactate level according to the text?
What is the resting lactate level according to the text?
What is the overall marker for whole body fat oxidation that researchers use?
What is the overall marker for whole body fat oxidation that researchers use?
Which energy source is primarily utilized at high power output during exercise?
Which energy source is primarily utilized at high power output during exercise?
What is the main effect of training on glycogen stores in muscles?
What is the main effect of training on glycogen stores in muscles?
Which type of muscle fibers utilize lactate as fuel more efficiently?
Which type of muscle fibers utilize lactate as fuel more efficiently?
What is the main limitation of fatty acids as a fuel source during exercise?
What is the main limitation of fatty acids as a fuel source during exercise?
Which enzyme is the rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis?
Which enzyme is the rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis?
What is the main effect of training on mitochondrial volume and enzyme concentration?
What is the main effect of training on mitochondrial volume and enzyme concentration?
What is the primary effect of training on myoglobin levels?
What is the primary effect of training on myoglobin levels?
Which energy system is primarily affected by the intensity of the workout?
Which energy system is primarily affected by the intensity of the workout?
What is the main effect of sprint training on ATPases and ATP regeneration enzymes?
What is the main effect of sprint training on ATPases and ATP regeneration enzymes?
Which group of athletes has higher levels of ATP and total creatine?
Which group of athletes has higher levels of ATP and total creatine?
Which of the following is true about lactate threshold?
Which of the following is true about lactate threshold?
What is MLSS?
What is MLSS?
What happens to lactate levels during swimming as speed increases?
What happens to lactate levels during swimming as speed increases?
What is the main factor that affects the rate of lactate recovery?
What is the main factor that affects the rate of lactate recovery?
What is the effect of massage/stretching on blood lactate levels during recovery?
What is the effect of massage/stretching on blood lactate levels during recovery?
What is lactate adaptation?
What is lactate adaptation?
What are the factors that contribute to decreased lactate production during exercise?
What are the factors that contribute to decreased lactate production during exercise?
What is the main effect of endurance training on lactate levels?
What is the main effect of endurance training on lactate levels?
What is the main effect of resistance exercise on lactate levels?
What is the main effect of resistance exercise on lactate levels?
What type of muscle fibers are primarily used during high lactate production?
What type of muscle fibers are primarily used during high lactate production?
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Study Notes
Adaptations in Energy Systems and Enzymes with Training
- Intensity of the workout affects the decrease in PCr (phosphocreatine) after training.
- Sprint training leads to a faster rate of ATP hydrolysis and increased activity of ATPases and ATP regeneration enzymes.
- Sprinters have higher levels of ATP and total creatine compared to endurance athletes.
- Carbohydrates are the primary fuel source at high power output, while fats are utilized more at lower intensities.
- Training increases the capacity of GLUT-4 transporters, allowing for more efficient glucose uptake into muscle cells.
- Trained individuals have higher glycogen stores and use them less, saving them for higher intensity or longer duration exercise.
- Lactate is better utilized as fuel in trained individuals, particularly in type 2 muscle fibers.
- Fatty acids have limitations in blood availability and oxidizing capacity as a fuel source.
- Protein has minimal involvement in energy production, but increased alanine production and removal occur during exercise.
- Enzyme adaptations include increased activity of glycogen phosphorylase, PFK (rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis), and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase).
- Training increases mitochondrial volume and enzyme concentration, particularly in subsarcolemmal mitochondria.
- Myoglobin levels increase with training, enhancing the capacity for oxygen transport and oxidative phosphorylation.
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