Acute Kidney Injury Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of acute tubular necrosis?

  • Ischemia
  • Nephrotoxins
  • Both Ischemia and Nephrotoxins (correct)
  • None of the above

    • Which of the following is the most common cause of prerenal AKI?

  • Liver Failure
  • Heart Failure
  • Volume Depletion (correct)
  • Dehydration

    • What are the three main types of acute kidney injury?

    The three main types of acute kidney injury are prerenal, postrenal, and intrinsic/intrarenal.

    What is the most common cause of acute tubular necrosis?

    <p>Ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of ischemic ATN?

    <p>Sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of prerenal AKI?

    <p>Volume depletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of postrenal AKI?

    <p>Ureteral obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute pyelonephritis is most commonly caused by hematogenous spread.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the hallmark symptoms of acute pyelonephritis?

    <p>Fever, chills, positive CVA tenderness, dysuria, urgency, and frequency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common causes of chronic pyelonephritis?

    <p>Obstructive disorders, renal calculi, neurogenic bladder, vesicoureteral reflux, or underlying renal disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of incontinence?

    <p>Nocturnal incontinence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of incontinence with their descriptions:

    <p>Stress incontinence = Occurs when urine is involuntarily lost with increases in intra-abdominal pressure. Urge incontinence = Involuntary sudden leakage of urine along with or immediately following the sensation of a need to urinate (urgency). Overflow incontinence = Bladder becomes so full that it leaks urine, or &quot;overflows&quot;. Functional incontinence = Related to physical or environmental limitations resulting in an inability to access a toilet in time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of interstitial cystitis?

    <p>Unknown etiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is a more common type than autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a premalignant condition.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Testicular torsion is a medical emergency.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of epididymitis in men older than 35 years?

    <p>Common urinary tract pathogens such as E. coli and Pseudomonas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of renal cancer?

    <p>Renal cell carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for renal cell carcinoma?

    <p>Low sodium diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glomerulopathies are the most common cause of ESRD.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of secondary glomerulopathies?

    <p>Polycystic kidney disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vesicoureteral reflux is a serious congenital anomaly.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of obstructive uropathy?

    <p>Urinary calculi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a hallmark feature of chronic pyelonephritis?

    <p>Coarse, discrete, corticomedullary scars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute pyelonephritis is usually unilateral.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic pyelonephritis is generally caused by bacterial infection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute pyelonephritis is a more severe form of pyelonephritis than chronic pyelonephritis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of Wilms tumor?

    <p>Nephrogenic rests, persistent clusters of embryonic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nocturnal enuresis

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that causes the basement membrane to degrade in acute glomerulonephritis?

    <p>Immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic glomerulonephritis is generally caused by lesions and sclerotic injury.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prostatitis is an inflammation of the prostate gland.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of acute bacterial prostatitis?

    <p>E. coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of chronic prostatitis?

    <p>Urethral discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of Peyronie's disease?

    <p>Trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cryptorchidism is a condition in which one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for testicular cancer?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of endometrial cancer?

    <p>Endometrioid carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following HPV types is MOST associated with cervical cancer?

    <p>HPV-16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV infection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cervical cancer is the most common type of cancer in women.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most effective way to prevent cervical cancer?

    <p>HPV vaccination and regular cervical cancer screenings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of endometriosis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common site of endometriosis?

    <p>The peritoneum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)?

    <p>Hormonal imbalances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endometriosis is a common cause of infertility.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leiomyomas are a type of cancer.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Uterine fibroids are hormonally sensitive.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibroadenomas are a type of cancer.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibroadenomas are more common in women in their 20s and 30s.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cervicitis is an inflammation of the cervix.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lactobacilli play a role in preventing vaginal infections.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of dysfunctional uterine bleeding.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of PCOS?

    <p>Increased secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the fallopian tubes and ovaries.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    PID is most commonly caused by sexually transmitted infections.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endometriosis is a common cause of pelvic pain.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endometriosis is more common in women who have never had children.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lichen sclerosus is a premalignant condition.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endocervical polyps are always benign.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The menstrual cycle is regulated by hormones.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ovulation occurs on day 14 of the menstrual cycle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The corpus luteum produces progesterone.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metrorrhagia is abnormal bleeding between menstrual periods.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oligomenorrhea is infrequent menstruation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dysmenorrhea is painful menstruation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary dysmenorrhea is caused by a underlying medical condition.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary dysmenorrhea is caused by an underlying medical condition.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ovarian cysts are always cancerous.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Follicular cysts are the most common type of ovarian cyst.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A luteal cyst is a type of ovarian cyst that forms after ovulation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common cause of infertility.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

    <p>Increased secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibroadenomas are more likely to be found in women who are taking hormone replacement therapy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibroadenomas typically grow rapidly.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibroadenomas are always benign.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV infection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HPV vaccination is a very effective way to prevent cervical cancer.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regular cervical cancer screenings can help to detect early signs of cervical cancer.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endometriosis is a condition in which the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endometriosis is a common cause of pelvic pain.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

    • AKI (formerly ARF) is a sudden reduction in kidney function.
    • It causes accumulation of waste in the blood (BUN), and a disruption of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances.
    • Increased serum creatinine and decreased GFR are also observed.
    • Classified by pathophysiology: prerenal, postrenal, and intrinsic/intrarenal.

    Causes of AKI

    • Prerenal:
      • Hypovolemia (most common)
      • Heart failure
      • Hepatorenal syndrome
      • Decreased cardiac output
      • Cardiogenic shock, dysrhythmias, heart failure, MI
      • Renal artery occlusion (large or medium vessel)
      • Renal vein thrombosis
    • Postrenal:
      • Bladder outlet obstruction, tumors
      • Renal calculi (kidney stones)
      • Papillary necrosis
      • Retroperitoneal fibrosis
    • Intrinsic/Intrarenal:
      • Small vessel disease
      • Thrombotic microangiopathy
      • Renal atheroembolism
      • Small vessel vasculitis
      • Glomerular disease (Anti-GBM disease, Lupus nephritis, Postinfectious glomerulonephritis, Infective endocarditis, Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, Cryoglobulinemia, IgA nephropathy/Henoch-Schönlein)
      • Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) – Ischemia, Nephrotoxins, Rhabdomyolysis, Radiocontrast agents
      • Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) – Drugs, Infection, Systemic disease, Intratubular obstruction (casts, drugs)

    Acute Kidney Injury - Prerenal AKI

    • Reduced blood flow to kidneys.
    • Volume depletion is the most common cause (hemorrhage, dehydration, burns).
    • Decreased cardiac output can also cause prerenal AKI (cardiogenic shock, dysrhythmias, heart failure, MI).
    • Other causes include occlusion/stenosis of renal artery, renal vein thrombosis, and certain drugs.

    Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN/ATI)

    • Most common cause of acute kidney injury.
    • Caused by ischemia or nephrotoxic substances (e.g., sepsis, drugs, contrast, rhabdomyolysis).
    • Manifestations include reduced urine output, increased BUN/Cr, and oliguria.

    Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

    • Gradual loss of kidney function over months or years, eventually resulting in end-stage kidney disease.

    Pyelonephritis

    • Infection of the kidney's renal pelvis and parenchyma.
    • Typically caused by ascending urinary tract infections (UTIs) with bacteria (often E. coli) or other microorganisms.
    • Predisposing factors include vesicoureteral reflux, urinary obstruction, and immunocompromised states.

    Acute Pyelonephritis

    • Symptoms include sudden onset, fever, chills, pain, urinary urgency, and frequency

    Nephrotic Syndrome

    • Damage to the glomeruli increasing glomerular permeability to proteins.
    • Most common cause in adults is DM.
    • Characterized by marked proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema.

    Nephritic Syndrome

    • Most common causes are immunologic diseases impacting the glomeruli.
    • Characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, reduced glomerular filtration, azotemia, and hypertension.

    Other Renal Conditions

    • Postrenal failure
    • Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
    • Interstitial cystitis
    • Wilms tumor (kidney cancer in children)
    • Testicular torsion
    • Epididymitis (inflammation of the epididymis)
    • Phimosis (tight foreskin, difficult retraction)
    • Paraphimosis (foreskin trapped behind the penis)
    • Renal cell carcinoma

    Incontinence

    • Stress incontinence: urine loss with increased intra-abdominal pressure
    • Urge incontinence: Sudden leakage of urine, often with a sensation of urgency
    • Mixed incontinence: Combination of stress and urge incontinence
    • Overflow incontinence: Fluid buildup in the bladder and spontaneous leakage
    • Functional Incontinence: Inability to reach the toilet in time

    Pyelonephritis

    • Inflammation of the tubules and interstitium and renal pelvis.
    • Can develop from a UTI or other urinary tract problems.

    Prostate conditions

    • Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate, frequently leading to urinary obstruction.
    • Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate, often caused by infection.

    Additional Information

    • The provided notes contain a mixture of acute and chronic kidney conditions, which suggests a broader study resource, potentially part of a medical curriculum or exam preparation.
    • A more detailed understanding of these conditions may require additional review of specific cases, treatments, and diagnostic factors to better analyze individual patient data.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the key aspects of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), including its definitions, classifications, and common causes. You will learn about prerenal, postrenal, and intrinsic factors that contribute to AKI, along with the physiological changes observed in affected individuals.

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