Acute Kidney Injury and Glomerular Diseases

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Questions and Answers

Which medication is typically administered for hyperkalemia?

Cation exchange resins (correct)

Erythropoietin

Calcium gluconate

Vitamin D supplements

What condition are patients with nephrotic syndrome most likely to develop?

Hypoalbuminemia (correct)

Hypercalcemia

Anemia

Hyperphosphatemia

Which intra-renal cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) is most commonly identified?

Acute tubular necrosis (correct)

Prostatic hyperplasia

Hypovolemia

Renal calculi

What is a key sign of fluid overload in patients with AKI?

Jugular venous distension Signup and view all the answers

Post-renal acute kidney injury (AKI) is primarily caused by what condition?

Urinary obstruction Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum urine output defined as anuria?

Less than 50 mL/day Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of acute glomerulonephritis?

Proteinuria Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary cause of nephrotic syndrome?

Diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What phase of acute kidney injury involves decreased urine output?

Oliguric Signup and view all the answers

Which management strategy is crucial in handling electrolyte imbalances in acute kidney injury?

Electrolyte management Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication associated with acute kidney injury?

Metabolic acidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which indicator is considered the most accurate for assessing fluid loss or gain in an acutely ill patient?

Weight Signup and view all the answers

What complication should a patient in the diuresis phase of acute kidney injury be closely monitored for?

Dehydration Signup and view all the answers

What is one risk associated with postoperative care in kidney surgery?

Bleeding Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is commonly used to treat hyperkalemia in acute kidney injury?

Kayexalate Signup and view all the answers

Which lab finding is indicative of exacerbation in chronic glomerulonephritis?

Persistent hypertension and retinal changes Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of acute kidney injury is identified by a drastic reduction in urine output?

Oliguric phase Signup and view all the answers

What is a key nursing diagnosis associated with nephrotic syndrome?

Excess fluid volume related to generalized edema Signup and view all the answers

What is the common cause of postinfectious glomerular disease in adolescents?

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection of the throat Signup and view all the answers

What would likely result from severe crushing injuries in relation to kidney function?

Elevated serum potassium and BUN Signup and view all the answers

What vital signs should be monitored for bleeding in a postoperative kidney surgery patient?

Skin condition, level of consciousness, urinary drainage Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Acute Kidney Injury, Glomerulonephritis, Nephrotic Syndrome

Key Terms and Concepts
- Oliguria: Urine output less than 400 mL/day
- Anuria: Urine output less than 50 mL/day
- Bladder capacity: Typically 400-600 mL
Types of Renal Health Challenges
- Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of glomerular capillaries
- Nephrotic Syndrome: Increased glomerular permeability causing protein loss
- Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): Rapid decline in renal function
- Chronic and End-Stage Renal Failure: Progressive loss of kidney function
Glomerular Diseases
- Acute Glomerulonephritis
  - Causes: Post-infection, lupus nephritis, diabetic nephropathy
  - Symptoms: Hematuria, edema, azotemia, proteinuria, hypertension
  - Management: Antibiotics, corticosteroids, supportive care
- Chronic Glomerulonephritis
  - Causes: Repeated acute glomerulonephritis, hypertension, hyperlipidemia
  - Symptoms: Fixed specific gravity in urine, proteinuria, electrolyte imbalances
- Nephrotic Syndrome
  - Symptoms: Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema
  - Causes: Diabetes, lupus, renal vein thrombosis
  - Management: Drug and dietary therapy
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
- Causes
  - Pre-renal: Reduced blood flow (hypovolemia, hypotension)
  - Intra-renal: Direct kidney damage (acute tubular necrosis, diabetic nephropathy)
  - Post-renal: Urinary obstruction (prostate enlargement, kidney stones)
Phases of AKI
- Initiation: Onset of kidney injury
- Oliguric: Decreased urine output (days to weeks)
- Diuresis: Gradual urine output increase
- Recovery: Renal function restoration (up to 12 months)
Clinical Management and Nursing Care
- Fluid balance: Monitor intake, output, daily weights
- Electrolyte management: Manage potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus levels
- Medications: Antibiotics, diuretics, steroids, dialysis (severe cases)
- Nutritional support: Protein restriction, adequate caloric intake
Complications
- Metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, anemia, fluid overload
- Hyperkalemia: Life-threatening if serum potassium > 5.5 mmol/L; treat with cation exchange resins (like Kayexalate)
Postoperative Care in Kidney Surgery
- Risks: Bleeding, infection, deep vein thrombosis
- Interventions: Pain relief, deep breathing exercises, monitoring for signs of DVT
Patient Education
- Care of drainage systems, signs of complications, follow-up care
Practice Questions
- The most accurate indicator of fluid loss/gain in an acutely ill patient is weight.
- Hyperkalemia is more life-threatening than hypercalcemia.
- Metabolic acidosis occurs as kidney function declines below 50 mL/min.
- Severe crushing injuries can cause pronounced elevations in serum potassium and BUN in acute renal failure.
- Patients with acute glomerulonephritis may exhibit hematuria, proteinuria, edema, and hypertension.
- Post-infectious glomerulonephritis is caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection.
- A key nursing diagnosis for nephrotic syndrome is excess fluid volume.
- During AKI diuresis phase, monitor for dehydration.
- Nurses caring for ARF patients need to monitor complications, manage fluids/electrolytes, and provide emotional support.
- Assess for bleeding in postoperative kidney surgery clients by checking skin condition, level of consciousness, and urinary drainage.
- Chronic glomerulonephritis exacerbation is suggested by specific lab findings.
- Persistent hypertension and retinal changes indicate chronic kidney injury progression.
- The oliguric phase of AKI is characterized by a severe decrease in urine output.
- Hyperkalemia in kidney patients requires administering cation exchange resins.
- Nephrotic syndrome patients are at increased risk of hypoalbuminemia.
- Intra-renal AKI causes include acute tubular necrosis.
- Fluid overload in AKI is indicated by weight gain.
- Post-renal AKI is caused by urinary obstruction.
- A major complication to monitor post-kidney surgery is deep vein thrombosis.
- Symptoms of nephrotic syndrome include edema and proteinuria.
- In the AKI recovery phase, lab values typically return to baseline over months.

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Test your knowledge on acute kidney injury, glomerulonephritis, and nephrotic syndrome. This quiz covers key terms, types of renal health challenges, and management strategies for these conditions. Perfect for students or healthcare professionals looking to reinforce their learning.