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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of prerenal acute kidney injury?
What is the primary cause of prerenal acute kidney injury?
What is the definition of stage 3 chronic kidney disease?
What is the definition of stage 3 chronic kidney disease?
What is the primary clinical feature of nephrotic syndrome?
What is the primary clinical feature of nephrotic syndrome?
What is the definition of glomerulonephritis?
What is the definition of glomerulonephritis?
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What is the primary cause of chronic kidney disease?
What is the primary cause of chronic kidney disease?
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What is the definition of acute kidney injury?
What is the definition of acute kidney injury?
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What is the primary clinical feature of acute kidney injury?
What is the primary clinical feature of acute kidney injury?
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What is the definition of nephrotic syndrome?
What is the definition of nephrotic syndrome?
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What is the primary cause of chronic glomerulonephritis?
What is the primary cause of chronic glomerulonephritis?
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What is the definition of end-stage kidney disease?
What is the definition of end-stage kidney disease?
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Study Notes
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
- Definition: sudden decrease in kidney function, resulting in accumulation of waste products in the blood
- Causes:
- Prerenal: decreased blood flow to kidneys (e.g. hypovolemia, shock)
- Intrinsic: damage to kidneys themselves (e.g. toxins, sepsis)
- Postrenal: obstruction of urine flow (e.g. kidney stones, tumor)
- Stages:
- Risk: early stages of AKI, can be reversible
- Injury: established AKI, may progress to failure
- Failure: severe AKI, requires dialysis
- Loss: complete loss of kidney function
- End-stage: irreversible kidney damage, requires chronic dialysis
- Clinical features:
- Oliguria (decreased urine output)
- Azotemia (elevated blood urea nitrogen)
- Electrolyte imbalance
- Fluid overload
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
- Definition: gradual loss of kidney function over time
- Stages:
- Stage 1: kidney damage with normal or increased GFR
- Stage 2: mild decrease in GFR
- Stage 3: moderate decrease in GFR
- Stage 4: severe decrease in GFR
- Stage 5: end-stage kidney disease, requires dialysis
- Causes:
- Diabetes
- Hypertension
- Glomerulonephritis
- Polycystic kidney disease
- Clinical features:
- Nephrotic syndrome (see below)
- Hypertension
- Anemia
- Bone disease
Nephrotic Syndrome
- Definition: group of symptoms due to damage to glomeruli, resulting in excessive protein loss in urine
- Clinical features:
- Proteinuria (excessive protein in urine)
- Hypoalbuminemia (low albumin levels)
- Edema (swelling)
- Hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol)
- Causes:
- Glomerulonephritis
- Diabetes
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Amyloidosis
Glomerulonephritis
- Definition: inflammation of glomeruli, resulting in damage to kidney function
- Types:
- Acute: sudden onset, often reversible
- Chronic: gradual onset, often irreversible
- Causes:
- Post-infectious (e.g. strep throat)
- Immune complex-mediated (e.g. lupus)
- Pauci-immune (e.g. vasculitis)
- Clinical features:
- Hematuria (blood in urine)
- Proteinuria
- Hypertension
- Edema
Renal Hypertension
- Definition: high blood pressure caused by kidney disease
- Causes:
- Renal artery stenosis
- Chronic kidney disease
- Glomerulonephritis
- Renal parenchymal disease
- Clinical features:
- Hypertension
- Kidney damage
- Fluid retention
- Electrolyte imbalance
- Treatment:
- Medications to control blood pressure
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) to slow kidney damage
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
- Sudden decrease in kidney function, resulting in waste product accumulation in the blood
- Causes: decreased blood flow to kidneys, damage to kidneys themselves, or obstruction of urine flow
- Three main categories of causes: prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal
- Prerenal causes: hypovolemia, shock, and decreased blood flow
- Intrinsic causes: toxins, sepsis, and damage to kidneys
- Postrenal causes: kidney stones, tumors, and obstruction of urine flow
Stages of AKI
- Risk: early stages, reversible, and may progress to injury
- Injury: established AKI, may progress to failure
- Failure: severe AKI, requires dialysis
- Loss: complete loss of kidney function, often irreversible
- End-stage: irreversible kidney damage, requires chronic dialysis
Clinical Features of AKI
- Oliguria: decreased urine output
- Azotemia: elevated blood urea nitrogen
- Electrolyte imbalance: altered levels of essential minerals
- Fluid overload: excessive fluid accumulation in the body
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
- Gradual loss of kidney function over time
- Five stages based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
- Stage 1: kidney damage with normal or increased GFR
- Stage 2: mild decrease in GFR
- Stage 3: moderate decrease in GFR
- Stage 4: severe decrease in GFR
- Stage 5: end-stage kidney disease, requires dialysis
Causes of CKD
- Diabetes: high blood sugar levels damaging kidneys
- Hypertension: high blood pressure damaging kidneys
- Glomerulonephritis: inflammation of glomeruli
- Polycystic kidney disease: genetic disorder causing cysts on kidneys
Clinical Features of CKD
- Nephrotic syndrome: group of symptoms due to glomerular damage
- Hypertension: high blood pressure
- Anemia: decreased red blood cell count
- Bone disease: abnormalities in bone structure and function
Nephrotic Syndrome
- Group of symptoms due to glomerular damage, resulting in excessive protein loss in urine
- Clinical features: proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia
- Causes: glomerulonephritis, diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, and amyloidosis
Glomerulonephritis
- Inflammation of glomeruli, resulting in damage to kidney function
- Two main types: acute and chronic
- Acute: sudden onset, often reversible
- Chronic: gradual onset, often irreversible
- Causes: post-infectious, immune complex-mediated, and pauci-immune
- Clinical features: hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, and edema
Renal Hypertension
- High blood pressure caused by kidney disease
- Causes: renal artery stenosis, chronic kidney disease, glomerulonephritis, and renal parenchymal disease
- Clinical features: hypertension, kidney damage, fluid retention, and electrolyte imbalance
- Treatment: medications to control blood pressure, ACEIs or ARBs to slow kidney damage
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Description
Test your knowledge on Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), its causes, stages, and management. From prerenal to postrenal, get ready to assess your understanding of this critical medical condition.
