Acute Inflammation - Session 3, L1

The body's immediate response to injury caused by various agents. It aims to eliminate or limit the spread of harmful substances, remove damaged cells, and initiate healing.

The accumulation of fluid exudate and neutrophils in tissues.

Chemical messengers that regulate the inflammatory response, originating from plasma or cells.

Microbial infections, hypersensitivity reactions, physical agents, and tissue necrosis.

A type of acute inflammation characterized by the presence of pus, usually caused by pyogenic bacteria.

Inflammation that occurs when the immune system overreacts to harmless substances or even the body's own tissues.

The process of cells and tissues being repaired after injury.

Redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function.

Redness, a hallmark of inflammation, caused by increased blood flow to the affected area due to vasodilation.

Swelling that occurs at the site of inflammation due to the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space.

Heat experienced at the site of inflammation, a consequence of increased blood flow.

Pain felt at the site of inflammation. It is a complex response involving both inflammatory mediators and nerve stimulation.

The impairment of function of the inflamed tissue or organ. It is often a direct consequence of the other cardinal signs of inflammation.

The movement of protein-rich fluid from the blood vessels into the interstitial space due to increased vascular permeability. It contributes to the swelling (tumor) and the other cardinal signs of inflammation.

A fluid with a high protein content and specific gravity above 1.02, characteristically found in inflammatory conditions.

A fluid with a low protein content and specific gravity below 1.02, typically associated with non-inflammatory conditions like heart failure.

A buildup of fluid in the interstitium, the space between cells, caused by increased vascular permeability and lymphatic dysfunction. It can be classified as transudate or exudate.

A low-protein fluid that leaks out of blood vessels, primarily due to increased hydrostatic pressure, like in heart failure. It has a specific gravity less than 1.012.

A fluid rich in protein and inflammatory cells, often seen in infections or tissue damage. It has a higher specific gravity than transudate and helps fight off pathogens.

A specific type of exudate with high concentrations of neutrophils and cellular debris, typically found in infections caused by pyogenic bacteria.

The process by which white blood cells, primarily neutrophils, move from the bloodstream to the site of injury or infection, following chemical signals.

The initial step in leukocyte recruitment where neutrophils align along the blood vessel wall.

The continuous adhesion and detachment of neutrophils to the vessel wall, rolling along the endothelium.

The firm attachment of neutrophils to the endothelial surface, preparing for migration into the tissue.

The weak and transient interactions involved in the rolling of leukocytes (WBCs) on endothelium, mediated by the selectin family of adhesion molecules. These molecules include E-selectin on endothelium, P-selectin on platelets and endothelium, and L-selectin on leukocytes.

The firm adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium, mediated by integrins on leukocytes binding to their ligands on endothelial cells. This is triggered by signals from the rolling process.

The process of leukocytes migrating through the vessel wall, typically occurring at intercellular junctions, mainly in venules.

The movement of leukocytes toward sites of infection or injury along a chemical gradient. This is guided by chemoattractants like bacterial products, cytokines, complement components, and metabolites like those from arachidonic acid.

The engulfment and destruction of microorganisms by phagocytes, primarily neutrophils. This process involves engulfing the microbe into a phagosome, followed by its destruction by enzymatic and reactive oxygen species.

The process of delivering plasma proteins, like immunoglobulins, inflammatory mediators, and fibrinogen, to the area of injury. This dilutes toxins, increases lymphatic drainage, and delivers microbes to phagocytes and antigens to the immune system.

The removal of pathogenic organisms and necrotic debris by cells like phagocytes. This is a key process in clearing the infection and initiating healing.

Increased blood flow to the injured area, contributing to redness (rubor) and heat (calor). This delivers more nutrients and oxygen to the injured tissue.