Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which selectin molecule is primarily expressed on platelets and endothelium?
Which selectin molecule is primarily expressed on platelets and endothelium?
What mechanism primarily describes the migration of leukocytes through the vessel wall?
What mechanism primarily describes the migration of leukocytes through the vessel wall?
Which of the following substances can act as chemotactic factors for leukocytes?
Which of the following substances can act as chemotactic factors for leukocytes?
What is the main biological purpose of vasodilatation during acute inflammation?
What is the main biological purpose of vasodilatation during acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
How do leukocytes primarily detect changes in the endothelium for firm adhesion?
How do leukocytes primarily detect changes in the endothelium for firm adhesion?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does fluid exudation play in acute inflammation?
What role does fluid exudation play in acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a major characteristic of the infiltration of cells during acute inflammation?
What is a major characteristic of the infiltration of cells during acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What beneficial effect does pain have during acute inflammation?
What beneficial effect does pain have during acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary biological purpose of acute inflammation?
What is the primary biological purpose of acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which characteristic is NOT associated with acute inflammation?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a significant cause of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is a significant cause of acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which feature describes the vascular reaction in acute inflammation?
Which feature describes the vascular reaction in acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What triggers the accumulation of neutrophils during acute inflammation?
What triggers the accumulation of neutrophils during acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What occurs after the acute inflammatory response resolves?
What occurs after the acute inflammatory response resolves?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an example of a physical agent that can cause acute inflammation?
Which of the following is an example of a physical agent that can cause acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
In acute inflammation, which type of cell is primarily involved in the early response?
In acute inflammation, which type of cell is primarily involved in the early response?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines a transudate in medical terms?
What defines a transudate in medical terms?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of increased vascular permeability during acute inflammation?
What is the primary cause of increased vascular permeability during acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which sequence describes the recruitment of leukocytes to the site of injury?
Which sequence describes the recruitment of leukocytes to the site of injury?
Signup and view all the answers
What occurs during the rolling phase of leukocyte recruitment?
What occurs during the rolling phase of leukocyte recruitment?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a consequence of increased lymphatic drainage due to oedema?
What is a consequence of increased lymphatic drainage due to oedema?
Signup and view all the answers
What best describes pus in the context of exudates?
What best describes pus in the context of exudates?
Signup and view all the answers
During severe inflammatory reactions, what may the lymphatics transport that contributes to disease spread?
During severe inflammatory reactions, what may the lymphatics transport that contributes to disease spread?
Signup and view all the answers
What causes leakage from new blood vessels during tissue repair?
What causes leakage from new blood vessels during tissue repair?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of redness in acute inflammation?
What is the primary cause of redness in acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term 'exudate' refer to in the context of inflammation?
What does the term 'exudate' refer to in the context of inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following clinical features indicates pain during acute inflammation?
Which of the following clinical features indicates pain during acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to blood vessels during the initial stages of acute inflammation?
What happens to blood vessels during the initial stages of acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
How does increased vascular permeability affect fluid movement during acute inflammation?
How does increased vascular permeability affect fluid movement during acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does hydrostatic pressure play in fluid loss during inflammation?
What role does hydrostatic pressure play in fluid loss during inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of neutrophil margination during acute inflammation?
What is the significance of neutrophil margination during acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
How does Starling's Law relate to fluid exudation during acute inflammation?
How does Starling's Law relate to fluid exudation during acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Acute Inflammation - Session 3, L1
-
Topic: Acute Inflammation
-
Definition: The body's local response to injury from a variety of agents. It's a defense mechanism to eliminate harmful agents and damaged cells.
-
Characteristics: Innate, immediate, and early response. Short-duration, typically minutes/hours/few days.
-
Objectives:
- Identify the major causes and purposes of acute inflammation
- Characterize macroscopic features
- Characterize microscopic features: edema, vasodilation, neutrophil margination and migration
- Understand the relationship between microscopic and macroscopic changes.
-
References: Robbins basic pathology, Muir's Textbook of pathology
Causes of Acute Inflammation
- Microbial infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic)
- Hypersensitivity reactions (against environmental substances or "self" tissues)
- Physical and chemical agents (burns, frostbite, radiation, chemical injury)
- Tissue necrosis (ischemia, injury)
Major Characteristics of Acute Inflammation
- Vascular reaction:
- Accumulation of fluid exudate and neutrophils in tissues
- Controlled by chemical mediators derived from plasma or cells.
- Protective but can lead to local and systemic complications, usually followed by repair.
Clinical Features of Acute Inflammation
- Clinical signs:
- Rubor (redness)
- Tumor (swelling)
- Calor (heat)
- Dolor (pain)
- Loss of function
Fluid Exudation
-
Acute inflammation leads to increased hydrostatic pressure (by arteriolar dilation) and increased permeability (leading to loss of proteins into tissues)
-
This results in a net flow of fluid out of blood vessels.
-
Exudate: High protein and specific gravity above 1.02, resulting from inflammation.
-
Transudate: Low protein and specific gravity below 1.012 from hydrostatic pressure imbalance.
Vascular Changes
- Transient vasoconstriction of arterioles (few seconds).
- Vasodilation of arterioles and capillaries (increased blood flow, heat, redness).
- Increased permeability of blood vessels (exudation of protein-rich fluid into tissues, slowing of blood flow).
- Concentration of red blood cells (RBCs) in small vessels (stasis).
Mechanisms of Increased Vascular Permeability
- Endothelial cell contraction
- Endothelial injury
- Increased transcytosis (movement of proteins through channels)
Cellular Events
-
Leukocyte recruitment to injury site
- Stasis
- Margination
- Rolling (intermittently sticking to endothelium)
- Adhesion (strong adhesion to endothelium)
- Emigration (moving through vessel wall)
- Migration (movement in interstitial tissues towards a chemotactic stimulus).
-
Chemotaxis (movement of leukocytes towards chemical stimuli)
-
Phagocytosis (engulfment of microoganisms by neutrophils).
-
Additional roles of neutrophils:
- May release toxic metabolites/enzymes damaging host tissue
Edema
- Excess fluid in the interstitium (can be transudate or exudate).
- Oedema leads to increased lymphatic drainage.
- Pus is a purulent exudate containing neutrophils and cell debris.
- Increased lymph flow is important for draining fluid, leukocytes, and debris from extravascular spaces.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the dynamics of acute inflammation in this session. Understand the causes, characteristics, and the differences between macroscopic and microscopic features. This quiz will help solidify your knowledge based on references like Robbins Basic Pathology.
